{"references": ["Dr. W.J.V. Vermeulen, Dr. P.R. Croes, & L.van der Feen MSc. (2022). Oiconomy Pricing: RVO Pilot Project Report. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6480958", "Croes, P. R. (2021). Comprehensive in-supply chain life cycle assessment of the preventative cost-based externalities of products. An assessment methodology as first step to a sustainable and responsible true price economy: \" Oiconomy\". PhD thesis, Utrecht University, Utrecht", "Croes, P. R. and Vermeulen, W. J. V. (2021) 'The Assessment of Positive Impacts in LCA in general and in Preventative Cost-based LCA in particular. A contribution to the Oiconomy Project', Int. J. Life Cycle Assess, 2021, 26(1), pp. 143\u2013156", "Croes, P. R. and Vermeulen, W. J. V. (2019) \"Quantification of corruption in preventative cost-based S-LCA: a contribution to the Oiconomy project,\" Int. J. Life Cycle Assess. 24(1), pp. 142\u2013159.", "Croes, P. R. and Vermeulen, W. J. V. (2016a) 'In search of income reference points for S-LCA using a country level sustainability benchmark (part 1): fair inequality. A contribution to the Oiconomy project', Int. J. Life Cycle Assess., 21(3), pp. 349\u2013362.", "Croes, P. R. and Vermeulen, W. J. V. (2016b) 'In search of Income Reference Points for S-LCA using a Country Level Sustainability Benchmark (part 2): Fair Minimum Wage. A Contribution to the Oiconomy project', Int. J. Life Cycle Assess., 21(3), pp. 363\u2013377.", "Croes, P. R. and Vermeulen, W. J. V. (2015) 'Life Cycle Assessment by Transfer of Preventative Costs in the Supply Chain of Products. A first draft of the Oiconomy system', J. Cleaner Prod., 102, pp. 178\u2013187."]}

Using the Oiconomy Pricing method, this case study assessed the negative hidden costs and positive costs of a jar of white pepper produced by Verstegen. Hidden costs show what impact the product has on planet, people and prosperity that are currently not reflected in the prices charged for the goods along the value chain. Negative hidden costs are based on prevention as they calculate the cost necessary to eliminate all the negative impact. This assessment identified negative hidden costs of € 1,03 along the value-chain of one jar of white pepper.