2. SOLANUM DEFLEXUM Greenm., Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 32: 301. 1897. ���TYPE: MEXICO. Oaxaca: Cuicatl��n, 15 Jul 1895 (fl, fr), L.C. Smith 403 (lectotype, here designated: GH-GH00295516!; possible isolectotype: MEXU-00540158). Solanum setosum (Brandegee) Bitter, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 18: 307. 1922. Bassovia setosa Brandegee, Univ. Cal. Publ. Bot. 6: 373. 1917. ���TYPE: MEXICO. Veracruz: Zacuapan, Aug 1915 (fl, fr), C.A. Purpus 7509 (holotype: UC-178623!; isotypes: G-G00016530!, GH-GH00217435!, MO-825706!, NY-NY00138551!, US-884541!). Salpichroa wrightii A. Gray, Syn. Fl. of N. Amer., ed. 2(1). 1: 231. 1886. ���TYPE: UNITED STATES. Arizona: on the Sonoita, towards the San Pedro, 17 Sep 1851 (fr), C. Wright 1592 (erroneously as ��� 169 2��� in protologue; lectotype, here designated: GH-GH00217433!; isolectotypes: G-G00016521!, GH-GH00217434!, K! [2 collections, both labeled as Wright 1592, mounted on one sheet], MO-3830682!, NY-NY00138909!). Herb, sometimes slightly woody at base, single- to fewbranched, 1���3 (4) dm tall. Stems sparsely to densely pubescent with straight, one- or two-celled unbranched hairs, these denser on new growth. Sympodia 2-foliate, usually geminate. Leaf blades 1���4.5+ 0.5���2.5 cm, elliptic to ellipticovoid, chartaceous to membranaceous, sparsely to moderately pubescent adaxially and abaxially with 1 or 2 celled unbranched hairs, these lying flat along blade, denser along veins; base rounded to obtuse, often decurrent into petiole; apex acute; petioles 0.5���2 cm, moderately pubescent with unbranched hairs. Inflorescences with 1��� 5 flowers, the axes sparsely to moderately pubescent with unbranched hairs; peduncle absent or nearly so; rachis absent; pedicels 5 ���12 mm in flower, 10���20 mm in fruit. Flowers with the calyx 3���9 mm long, the tube 1��� 3 mm, the lobes 2 ���6 + 0.5���1.5 mm, linear-lanceolate, moderately to densely pubescent. Corolla 0.5���1 cmin diameter, rotate with abundant interpetalar tissue, chartaceous to membranaceous, white, the tube 3���6 mm long, the lobes very short, 1���2+ 0.5���1 mm, triangular, acute at apices, glabrous abaxially and adaxially. Stamens 2���4 mm long; filaments up to 1 mm long; anthers 1.5��� 3 + 0.5 ���1.5 mm, oblong, the base cordate, the apex emarginate. Ovary glabrous; style 4��� 6+ 0.5 ���1 mm, equal to or exserted beyond stamens; stigma to 1 mm wide. Berries 5���12 mm in diameter, globose, white to yellow when immature, maturing semitransparent, drying brown, glabrous, the mesocarp watery and held under pressure until dehiscing explosively at maturity. Seeds 5���20 per fruit, ca. 2.5 + 1.5 mm, significantly notched where connected to placenta, the outer margin of seeds swollen with large raised ridges running perpendicular to margin and connected by smaller cell walls running parallel to margin, the center of seed smoother. Figure 6. Habitat and Distribution��� Weedy in grazed areas, along roadsides, and disturbed areas in dry forests from southern Arizona, U. S. A. through Mexico to Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica at elevations from 0���1,550 m (Fig. 7). Phenology��� Flowering specimens have been collected in all months with a peak from May through September. Fruiting specimens have been collected in all months of the year with a peak from June through October. Conservation Status��� The widespread distribution and abundant populations of S. deflexum give it an IUCN Red List Status of Least Concern. Etymology��� The epithet deflexum indicates a structure bent sharply downward but it is somewhat unclear what structure this refers to. In the description, Greenman notes that the species is well characterized by the inflorescence, calyx, and pubescence. Since only the inflorescence, specifically the pedicels, could be characterized as deflexed, it is likely that the epithet refers to this structure. Additional Specimens Examined��� UNITED STATES. Arizona: Fresnal Canyon, Baboquivari Mts., Pima Co., 2 Sep 1931 (fr), Gilman 80 (WIS); Baboquivari Mts., 26 Sep 1927 (fr), Harrison 4777 (US); Tumacacori, Santa Cruz Co., 29 Aug 1931 (fr), Harrison 8147 (US); Baboquivari Mts., 30 Sep 1934 (fr), Kearney & Peebles 10387 (US); near Patagonia, 18 Aug 1928 (fl, fr), Peebles et al. 5625 (US). MEXICO. Baja California: Cape Region, Oct 12 1899 (fr), Brandegee s.n. (F, NY); Corral Piedra, 10 Sep 1893 (fl), Brandegee s.n. (NY, US); Corral Piedra, 9 Sep 1893 (fl, fr), Brandegee s.n. (GH); Sierra San Lazano, 11 Sep 1893 (fl, fr), Brandegee s.n. (UC); San Jos�� del Cabo, 17 Sep 1890 (fl, fr), Brandegee 412 (UC). Baja California Sur: Sierra de la Giganta, Mesa del Potrero de San Javier (northeast of Misi��n San Javier), ca. 25 �� 52 ' N, 111 �� 32.5 ' W, 800 ��� 850 m, 20 Sep 1965 (fr), Carter 4991 (NY, UC, US); Sierra de la Giganta, Ca��on de Arroyo Hondo, Nside of Cerro Giganta, ca. 26 �� 8.5 ' N, 111 �� 35 ' W, ca. 750 m, 29 Aug 1971 (fl), Carter 5621 (UC); Sierra de la Giganta, Ca��ada del Encinal, Sside of Valle de Los Encinos (S side of Cerro Giganta), ca. 26 �� 3.5 ��� 4 ' N, 111 �� 34 ' W, ca. 750 m, 1 Oct 1967 (fr), Carter & Moran 5376 (MO, TEX, UC). Chiapas: Mun. Cintalapa, 23 km west of Las Cruces along road to La Mina Microwave Station, 870 m, 14 Sep 1981 (fr), Breedlove 52762 (NY); Mun. Jiquipilas, a 7.5 kn al ONO de Francisco Villa, 646 m, 16 �� 24 ' 48 '' N, 93 �� 43 ' 00 '' W, 11 Jul 2004 (fl, fr), Mart��nez & ��guilar 36935 (MO); between Topana, Oaxaca & Tonala, 200���500 ft, 1���3 Aug 1895 (fl, fr), Nelson 2876a (GH, US). Chihuahua: near Rio Urique, near Urique, ca. 1700 ft, 31 Jul 1971 (fl, fr), Bye Jr. 1712 (GH). Colima: near km 288, ca. 20 miles ESE of Manzanillo, ca. 50 m, 23 Jul 1957 (fl, fr), McVaugh 15658 (US); along R��o Cihuatl��n in gorge near bridge 13 miles north of Santiago, 175 m, 27 Jul 1957 (fl, fr), McVaugh 15796 (BM, G, NY, TEX, US). Guerrero: Dist. Coyuca, Pungarabato, 22 Aug 1934 (fl, fr), Hinton et al. 6481 (BM, G, GH, K, K, MO, US); Dist. Mina, Placeres, 350 m, 23 Jul 1936 (fl, fr), Hinton et al. 9143 (GH, K, NY, US); Distr. Montes de Oca, Vallecitos, 7 Mar 1937 (fl), Hinton et al. 10557 (F, GH, K, NY, UC, US); along highway, 8 miles Sof Mexcala, 23 Jul 1939 (fl, fr), Langman 2145 (PH); Rio Balsas, 26 Aug 1910 (fl, fr), Orcutt 4210 (F, GH, K, MO, US); Rio Balsas, 26 Aug 1910 (fl, fr), Orcutt 4389 (F); Flora de la cuenca del R��o Balsas, Mun. Tepecoacuilco de Trujano, Oapan, between Oapan/Ahuelic��n, 17 �� 58 ' 53 '' N, 99 �� 26 ' 50 '' W 1846 ft, 2 Aug 2003 (fl, fr), Smith & Rojas 348 (NY); Flora de la cuenca del R��o Balsas, Mun. Tepecoacuilco de Trujano, Oapan, between Oapan/Ahuelic��n, 17 �� 59 ' 38 '' N, 99 �� 26 ' 57 '' W, 2018 ft, 30 Aug 2003 (fl, fr), Smith & Rojas 561 (NY). Jalisco: Mun. Huejuquilla, Rancho Los Arroyos del Agua, 15 km al NW de Huejuquilla, 1550 m, 4 Aug 1990 (fl, fr), Flores 2025 (WIS); near Guadalajara, 24 Aug 1901 (fl, fr), Rose & Hay 6288 (US). Mexico: Dist. Temascaltepec, Tenayac, 1450 m, 14 Jul 1933 (fl, fr), Hinton et al. 4219 (BM, F, G, K, NY, US); Dist. Temascaltepec, Ixtapan, 1000 m, 2 Aug 1933 (fl), Hinton et al. 4470 (BM, F, G, GH, K, K, NY, US). Michoac��n: Dist. Apatzingan, Mun. Apatzingan, 300 m, 19 Aug 1938 (fl, fr), Hinton et al. 12057 (K, NY, US); Mun. Apatzingan, bank of Rio Apatzingan 2 mi Sof Apatzingan, 1200 ft, 5 Aug 1940 (fl), Leavenworth 473 (F, MO, NY); Mun. Uruapan, Tancitaro Region, 2 miles west of Uruapan, 6000 ft, 2 Aug 1941 (fl, fr), Leavenworth & Hoogstraal 1279 (F); Mun. Apatzingan, Tancitaro Region, La Majada, 1200 ft, 7 Aug 1941 (fr), Leavenworth & Hoogstraal 1344 (F, GH, MO, NY); near Morelia, ca. 2000 m, 14 Jul 1941 (fl, fr), Schery 107 (MO); cuenca media del Rio Balsas, en La Cuesta del Mango, 30 km al Nde Huetamo, carr. A Zit��cuaro, 650 m, 6 Sep 1978 (fr), Soto N����ez 952 (MO). Morelos: hillside near Cuernavaca, 5000 ft, 26 Jul 1896 (fr), Pringle 6400 (BR, E, G, GH, GOET, MEXU, PH, W, WU); near Yautepec, 13 ��� 13 Jul 1905 (fl, fr), Rose et al. 8587 (US). Nayarit: Cerro de la Cruz, east of Tepic, 1000 m, 17 Sep 1926 (fr), Mexia 673 (UC). Oaxaca: Dist. Tehuantepec, Mun. Santiago Astata, Barra de la Cruz, 2 km W, por la vereda hacia Zimat��n, 15 �� 50 ' 22 '' N, 95 �� 59 ' 4 '' W, 105 m, 3 Sep 1998 (fr), Elorsa 700 (NY); Dist. Tehuantepec, Mun. Santiago Astata, Las Tres Peladas, 3 km al SE de Barra de la Cruz cerca de la playa, 15 �� 49 ' 51 '' N, 95 �� 57 ' 13 '' W, 10 m, 15 Jun 2000 (fl, fr), Elsora 3117 (NY); 6 km NE of Juchit��n, along the Pan-American highway (route 19), elevation less then 50 m, 9 Jul 1958 (fl, fr), King 446 (TEX, WIS); 11 km NW of the village of La Ventosa, along the Trans-Isthmian highway (route 185), elevation 50 mor less, 14 Jul 1958 (fl, fr), King 555 (TEX); 2 km NW of Juchitan, 29 Jun 1981 (fl, fr), LaSalle et al. 810629 ��� 2 (TEX); Mun. Salina Cruz, Dto. Tehuantepec, Carnero, 10 km al NO de Rincon Bamba, 16 �� 05 ' N, 95 �� 30 ' W, 8 Jul 1988 (fl, fr), Martinez 1461 (F, MO); near Oaxaca, 5000 ft, 5 Jul 1897 (fl, fr), Pringle 6729 (BH, BR, F, G, GH, K, M, MO, NY, PH, UC, US, WU); Jomillin Ca��on, 6 Jul 1897 (fl, fr), Pringle 7508 (MO); Santa Catarina, 14 Jul 1910 (fl, fr), Rusby 85 (NY, US); Mun. Cuicatl��n, Dist. Cuicatl��n, 4 km al Ede Cuicatl��n, brecha a Concepci��n papalo, 17 �� 41 ' 31 '' N, 96 �� 57 ' 44 '' W, 925 m, 19 Jun 1993 (fl), Salinas et al. 7242 (NY); Almoloya, 100 ���250 m, Jul 1937 (fl, fr), Williams 9819 (F); 80 miles Sof Oaxaca on Rt 190, km mark 670, 22 Jun 1966 (fl), Windler & Snider 994 (MO). Puebla: near Oaxaca, vicinity of San Luis Tultitlanapa, Puebla, Jul 1908 (fr), Purpus 3563 (F, GH, MO, NY, UC, US). Quer��taro: Mun. de Arroyo Seco, 1 km al NNW de Vegas Cuatas, 760 m, 19 Aug 1991 (fl, fr), Carranza 3413 (TEX); Mun. Jalpan, 4.7 mi Wof Jalpan, 1260 m, 7 Jul 1985 (fr), Cowan et al. 5455 (MO, NY, TEX). San Luis Potos��: edge of hill and corn field beside Tamasopo Falls, 12 Sep 1978 (fr), D���Arcy 11896 (MO, TEX). Sinaloa: vicinity of Culiacan, Culiacan, 18 Oct 1904 (fl, fr), Brandegee s.n. (GH, US); vicinity of Culiacan, Culiacan, 10 Sep 1904 (fl, fr), Brandegee s.n. (UC); Cerros del Fuerte, 18 ��� 24 miles north of Los Mochis, 200 ��� 1000 ft, 3 ��� 5 Oct 1954 (fr), Gentry 14430 (LL, US); near Rosario, on the road to Aeaponeta, 27 Jul 1897 (fl, fr), Rose 1852 (F, GH, K, US); Eof Villa Union, on Hwy 40, near 106 �� 08 ' W, 23 �� 14 ' N, 200 m, 18 Aug 1988 (fl), Sanders et al. 8033 (NY). Sonora: 0.5 mi SE of Alamos at junction of G��irocoba and El Fuerte Rds., 1400 ft, 1 Sep 1973 (fr), Fish 73 (UC); El Naranjo, ca. 23.5 mi NE Alamos, 9 Aug 1980 (fl), Lehto 24716 (NY); Alamos, 4 miles Nof A., 250 ��� 300 m, 3 Aug 1935 (fl), Pennell 19496 (PH); Mun. de Soyopa, arroyo Las Tinajas below ruins of Toledo smelter, near Loma Maderistra, 3.5 km Sof T��nichi, west side of Rio Yaqui, 220 m, 28 �� 34 ' 03 '' N, 109 �� 33 ' 25 '' W, 17 Sep 2006 (fl, fr), Van Devender & Reina 2006��� 937 (MO); Mun. de Alamos, 1 km Eof Yocogigua on road to Capitahuasa, 26 �� 47 ' 25 '' N, 109 �� 0 ' 55 '' W, 230 m, 25 Sep 1993 (fr), Van Devender et al. 93 ��� 1114 (MO). Tamaulipas: 3 miles Sof Villa de Aldama, Nof Tampico, 18 Jul 1971 (fl), D. Spellman et al. 95 (MO). Veracruz: La Granja Vista Hermosa, entrada a la presa de Temascal, km 25, 8 m, 20 Nov 1966 (fr), Calder��n 1169 (BM, MO); Mun. Apazan, Ba��os de Carrizal, 7 km SE of Emiliano Zapata [=Carrizal], 19 �� 19 ' N, 96 �� 38 ' W, 250 m, 27 Jun 1980 (fr), Hansen & Nee 7447 (F, MO); Pte. Nacional, 3 km al Edel Crucero, camino de terracer��a, 8 Jul 1986 (fl, fr), Ortiz 1029 (MO); Ba��os del Carrizal, Aug 1912 (fr), Purpus 6100 (BM, F, GH, MO, NY, UC, US); Zacuapan, Sep 1907 (fl), Purpus 7860 (MO, NY, UC, US); Zacuapan, 1917 (fl, fr), Purpus 8016 (GH, M, UC); Barranca de Panoaya, Sep 1919 (fr), Purpus 8498 (GH, M, MO, NY, UC, US); Rancho Tlacosinatla, Aug. 1929 (fl), Purpus 10771 (M, NY, PH, US); Zacuapan, Aug 1929 (fl, fr), Purpus 12055 (NY); Zacuapan, Aug 1929 (fl, fr), Purpus 13000 (A); Mun. Xalapa, Chitares, antes Arteria, cerca de San Nicol��s, 640 m, 9 Jul 1971 (fl, fr), Ventura 3835 (CORD, F); Mun. Totutla, Encinal, 750 m, 21 Aug 1971 (fl, fr), Ventura 4123 (CORD, F); Mun. de Puente Nacional, Mata de Ca��a, 100 m, 20 Aug 1973 (fr), Ventura 8883 (F); La Concepci��n, Mun. de Jilotepec, 900 m, 7 Aug 1978 (fr), Ventura 11750 (F). Zacatecas: 5 miles NE of Mesquitula near the Rio Juchilipa, 3500 ft, 11 Aug 1969 (fl, fr), Taylor &. Taylor 6073 (NY, US). Distrito Federal: Vicinity of Rancho del Rosario, 10 miles Nof Mexico City near Atzcapotzolco, 7300 ��� 7500 ft, 1 ��� 15 Jul 1937 (fr), Happ 101 (MO). Without State: Mexico, (fl), Orcutt 5286 (MO). FIG. 7. Distribution of S. deflexum, S. lignescens, and S. manabiense. GUATEMALA. Chiquimula: bei Chiquimula, 400 m, Jul 1881 (fl, fr), Lehmann 1671 (BM, G, US); near divide on road from Zacap�� to Chiquimula, ca. 660 m, 9 Oct 1940 (fr), Standley 73719 (F); Chiquimula, transecto La Hondonada, 300���400 m, 14 �� 51 ' 03 '' N 89 �� 31 ' 08 '' W, 8 Jul 2003 (fl), V��liz & Ramirez 13712 (MO). El Progreso: San Agust��n, Aldea El Rancho, 200���300 m, 14 �� 54 ' 42 '' N, 90 �� 02 ' 08 '' W 10 Jul 2003 (fr), C��bar & Garc��a 520 (MO); El J��caro, 200 ��� 300 m, 14 �� 55 ' 19 '' N, 89 �� 52 ' 25 '' W, 9 Jun 2003 (fr), Garc��a et al. 715 (MO); Moraz��n, Aldea Pasasagua, 300 ��� 400 m, 14 �� 55 ' 41 '' N, 90 �� 03 ' 42 '' W, 10 Jul 2003 (fr), Ramirez & Veliz 948 (MO). Guatemala: 15 km SE of Granados, dry hillside above Rio Motagua, 15 Jul 1970 (fl, fr), Harmon & Dwyer 3085 (MO, WIS). Jutiapa: near Mongoy, 1800 m, 27 Jun 1949 (fr), Williams & Molina 16796 (F). Suchitepequez: Eside of San Antonio, 30 Jul 1970 (fr), Harmon & Dwyer 3399 (MO). Zacap��: R��o Hondo, 170 ��� 200 m, 15 �� 01 ' 32 '' N, 89 �� 35 ' 06 '' W, 8 Jul 2003 (fl, fr), C��bar & Garci�� 385 (MO); Caba��as, 200 ���300 m, 14 �� 55 ' 54 '' N, 89 �� 46 ' 55 '' W, 9 Jul 2003 (fr), Ram��rez & V��liz 813 (MO); R��o Hondo, Transecto R��o Hondo, 210 m, 15 �� 01 ' 32 '' N, 89 �� 35 ' 06 '' W, 8 Jul 2003 (fl, fr), V��liz & Ram��rez 13681 (MO). HONDURAS. Comayagua: vicinity of Comayagua, ca. 600 m, 12���23 Mar 1947 (fl, fr), Standley & Chac��n 5407 (F); al Oeste de Comayagua cerca de El Taladro, 650 m, 27 Jun 1964 (fl, fr), Standley & Molina 14278 (F, G, NY, US). Cop��n: Mun. Nueva Arcadia, 3 mi SW of Los Tangos along Santa Rosa de Cop��n-San Pedro Sula highway, 15 �� 06 ' 25 '' N, 88 �� 41 ' 51 '' W, 425 m, 26 Jun 1994 (fl, fr), Davidse et al. 35391 (MO, NY). Francisco Moraz��n: Tegucigalpa D.C., Col. Miraflores Sur y alrededores, 900 m, 26 Jun 1978 (fr), D��az 63 (MO); drainage of the R��o Yeguare, ca. 14 �� N, 87 �� W, 900 m, 2 Aug 1949 (fr), Molina 2535 (GH); El Zamorano, Dept. of Agronomy, common in corn field of Monte Redondo drainage of Yeguare river, 800 m, 11 Dec 1971 (fr), Molina 27185 (F, US); meadows around Escuela [El Zamorano], Aug 1960 (fr), Pfeifer 1245 (US); Zamorano, 800 m, 21 Sep 1943 (fr), Rodriguez 940 (F); same loc., 24 Sep 1943 (fl, fr), Rodr��guez 1013 (F); same loc., May 1944 (fl, fr), Rodr��guez 2126 (F); same loc., 800 m, 7 Mar 1945 (fl, fr), Rodr��guez 3800 (F, GH, MO, US); vicinity of El Zamorano, 780 ���900 m, 26 Nov 1946��� 9 Jan 1947 (fr), Standley 1654 (F); same loc. and date? (fr), Standley 1811 (F); same loc. (fr), Standley 3833 (F); same loc., 12 Oct 1948 (fl, fr), Standley 13024 (F); same loc. (fl), Standley 16093 (F); same loc., 800 ��� 850 m, 16 Jul 1949 (fl, fr), Standley 21306 (F); regi��n of R��o de la Orilla, southeast of El Zamorano, 900 ��� 950 m, 5 Aug 1949 (fl, fr), Standley 22210 (F). Olancho: matorrales al lado de la carretera 6 km a Juticalpa, 430 m, 18 Nov 1963 (fr), Standley & Molina 13233 (F, NY, US). Valle: Mun. Nacaome, 1 mi NE of J��caro Gal��n, along main highway to Tegucigalpa, 13 �� 32 ' 37 '' N, 87 �� 25 ' 35 '' W, 80 m, 18 Jun 1994 (fl, fr), Davidse et al. 35103 (MO). EL SALVADOR. Ahuachap��n: San Francisco Men��ndez, El Corozo, Mariposario, zona alta ���Mariposario,��� 13 �� 49 ' N, 89 �� 59 ' W, 250 m, 25 May 2000 (fl), Rosales 837 (BM, MO, NY). Caba��as: Cinquera, zona protegida, quebrada calle ant��gua, 500 m, 13 �� 51 ' N, 88 �� 57 ' W, 13 Aug 2002 (fr), Carballo 371 (MO); Cinquera, zona protegida, entrada cementerio, 400 m, 13 �� 53 ' N, 88 �� 57 ' W, 29 Aug 2002 (fr), Carballo & Carrillo 433 (MO). La Paz: San Luis Talpa, Centro Experimental Universidad El Salvador, 29 Aug 1995 (fl, fr), Montalvo 6380 (MO, NY). Moraz��n: adjacent to ditch leading to reservoir, Montecristo (ca. 15 km northeast of San Miguel), 13 �� 36 ' N, 88 �� 04 ' W, ca. 140 m, 9 Dec 1941 (fl, fr), Tucker 502 (BH, F, G, GH, IAC, IAN, K, LL, NY, UC, US). San S

Published as part of Stern, Stephen, Bohs, Lynn, Giacomin, Leandro, Stehmann, Jo��o & Knapp, Sandra, 2013, A Revision of Solanum Section Gonatotrichum, pp. 470-496 in Systematic Botany 38 (2) on pages 479-482, DOI: 10.1600/036364413X666624, http://zenodo.org/record/6334548

{"references": ["Nee, M. 1989. Notes on Solanum section Gonatotrichum. Solanaceae Newsletter 3: 80 - 82.", "Shaw, E. A. 1987. Charles Wright on the Boundary 1849 - 1852, or Plantae Wrightianae Revisited. Westport: Meckler Publishing Corp."]}