Acknowledgements We thank the people who helped this project in one way or another: Alan Dávalos, Adedamola Falana, Francisco J. Pellicer Graham, Margarita López-Titla, Aline Leduc, Erik Morelos-Santana, Lya Paas, Daniela Casillas, Sarael Alcauter, Luis Concha and Bernd Foerster. We also thank Rocio Estrada Ordoñez and Isabel Lizarindari Espinosa Luna at the Unidad de Atención Toxicológica Xochimilco for all their help and effort. Finally, we thank the study participants for their cooperation and patience. Victor Issa-Garcia and Eduardo A. Garza-Villarreal would like to thank Dirección General de Calidad y Educación en Salud, Secretaría de Salud, México for the scholarship support provided to Victor. This project was funded by CONACYT-FOSISS project No. 0201493 and CONACYT-Cátedras project No. 2358948.

The SUDMEX_CONN is a Mexican open dataset of CUD patients and matched healthy controls that includes demographic, cognitive, clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data. The study was done at the National Institute of Psychiatry in Mexico City The MRI sequences are available at https://openneuro.org/datasets/ds003346/versions/1.1.1