The data set includes the results of ICP-OES, CNS, biomarker, and stable isotope analyses published in the research paper: Struck, J., Bliedtner, M., Strobel, P., Taylor, W., Biskop, S., Plessen, B., Klaes, B., Bittner, L., Jamsranjav, B., Salazar, G., Szidat, S., Brenning, A., Bazarradnaa, E., Glaser, B., Zech, M., Zech, R.: Central Mongolian lake sediments reveal new insights on climate change and equestrian empires in the Eastern Steppes. Scientific Reports, 12, 2829, (2022). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-06659-w For further information, in particular, the analyses and methods applied, we refer the reader/user to the original research paper and the supporting information published in Scientific Reports.