Abstract The first detailed reconstruction of the terrestrial paleoclimate development of the UK Neogene (?Langhian to Piacenzian) is presented. The paleoclimate data are derived from the paleobotanical record using two probability-based reconstruction techniques CREST (Climate REconstruction SofTware) (Chevalier et al. 2014) and CRACLE (Climate Reconstruction Analysis using Coexistence Likelihood Estimation) (Harbert & Nixon 2015) that use Bayesian and likelihood estimation probability respectively. The results of these reconstructions are presented alongside reconstructions using the widely-applied Co-existence Approach (CA) (Utescher et al. 2014) for comparison. While all three techniques use the climate requirements of their Nearest Living Relatives as the basis of their reconstruction, they use different database observations. CREST and CRACLE use the GBIF (Global Biodiverstiy Information Facility) (GBIF, 2021) as well as WorldClim inputs for the 19 bioclimate variables used by BIOCLIM (http://www.worldclim.org/bioclim). Meanwhile, the CA uses the Palaeoflora database, meaning the input for the three models is different. The reconstructions for the UK Neogene palaeoclimate come from 4 localities (12 samples total) spanning the Middle Miocene (Langhian) to Pliocene (Piacenzian): Trwyn y Parc, Anglesey (Middle Miocene), Brassington Formation, Derbyshire (Serravallian-Tortonian), Coralline Crag Formation (latest Zanclean-earliest Piacenzian) and Red Crag Formation (Piacenzian-Gelasian) of southeast England. We present CREST and CRACLE reconstructions of Mean Annual Temperature (MAT), Mean Temperature of Warmest Quarter (MTWQ), Mean Temperature of Coldest Quarter (MTCQ), Mean Annual Precipitation (MAP) and precipitation seasonality (CoV ×100). The CA does not reconstruct MTWQ, MTCQ or precipitation seasonality. Instead, the CA reconstructs Warmest Month Mean Temperature (WMMT) and Coldest Month Mean Temperature (CMMT). The proportion of rainfall falling in the wettest months of the year (RMPwet(%)) was used as a proxy for precipitation seasonality following the methodology of Jacques et al. (2011) and Utescher et al. (2015). The CREST R-code output provides 0.5 and 0.95 (2-σ) uncertainties as well as an optimum and mean for each variable. The CRACLE R-code output provides both parametric and non-parametric joint likelihoods (P-CRACLE and N-CRACLE) with 0.95 (2-σ) uncertainties and a mean that is based on P-CRACLE. The CA generates a minimum and maximum likelihood which together comprise the coexistence interval. The Neogene climate reconstruction of the UK shows a cooling trend from the Langhian to the Pliocene-Pleistocene boundary. CREST and CRACLE produce trends and values consistent with Co-existence Approach data with 0.95 uncertainties overlapping with the CA coexistence interval. File Descriptions Table S1 displays the complete reconstruction for the UK Neogene using CREST, CRACLE and the Co-existence Approach. Table S2 displays detailed site information including: modern and paleo latitude and longitude, dating technique, modern climatology and fossil assemblage diversity (number of fossil taxa versus number of NLRs used for climate reconstruction). Modern climatology has been included to serve as a comparison to the reconstructed Neogene climate. This data has been extracted from WorldClim 2.1 (Fick & Hijmans, 2017). Data Set S1 contains the list of fossil spore and pollen taxa per site and associated Nearest Living Relatives (NLRs), where identifiable, used as the input for CREST, CRACLE and the Co-existence Approach. Relic taxa are included and highlighted in red. Data Set S2 is included to show the effect relic taxa have on paleoclimate reconstructions. The relic taxa are removed following the protocol of Utescher et al. (2014) whereby known relic taxa are removed from analyses to avoid biased reconstructions. Relic taxa removed from analyses include Cathaya, Cryptomeria, Pinus sylvestris and Sciadopitys when present. Data Set S3 is included to show the effects of removing family-level identifications in CRACLE reconstructions. Removing families is shown to generate a less informative reconstruction. Including both genera- and family-level classifications of NLR (Nearest Living Relative) is recommended, however we suggest identifying NLRs (Nearest Living Relatives) to genera-level wherever possible.

{"references": ["Chevalier, M., Cheddadi, R., & Chase, B. M. (2014). CREST (Climate REconstruction SofTware): a probability density function (PDF)-based quantitative climate reconstruction method. Climate of the Past, 10, 2081\u20132098. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-2081-2014", "Harbert, R. S., & Nixon, K. C. (2015). Climate reconstruction analysis using coexistence likelihood estimation (CRACLE): A method for the estimation of climate using vegetation. American Journal of Botany, 102(8), 1277 \u2013 1289. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1400500", "Utescher, T., Bruch, A.A., Erdei, B., Fran\u00e7ois, L., Ivanov, D., Jacques, F.M.B., et al. (2014). The coexistence approach \u2013 theoretical background and practical considerations of using plant fossils for climate quantification. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 410, 58-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2014.05.031", "Utescher, T., Bondarenko, O., V., & Mosburgger, V. (2015). The Cenozoic Cooling \u2013 continental signals from the Atlantic and Pacific side of Eurasia. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 415, 121-133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2015.01.019", "GBIF.org (2021), GBIF Home Page. Available from: https://www.gbif.org.", "Jaques, F. M. B., Guo, S. -X., Su, T., Xing, Y. -W., Huang, Y. -J., Liu, Y. -S., et al. (2011). Quantitative reconstruction of the Late Miocene monsoon climates of southwest China: A case study of the Lincang flora from Yunnan Province. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 304, 318-327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.04.014"]}

This research was funded by NSF/GEO-NERC: Fungi in a Warmer World (#2015813)