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Early lactation cows usually express negative energy balance (NEB), hypoglycemia and greater lipolysis in in adipose tissue. This factors are causing higher degree of lipogenesis and accumulation of triacylglycerol in fatty vacuoles in hepatocytes. The aim of this work is determination of dimensions and optical density of fatty vacuoles and nuclei in liver tissue during early lactation. Experiment was performed on 10 Holstein-Friesian cows. Hepatic tissue samples were collected by biopsy, 3-15 days after calving. Sampels were carefully processed, staind with HE and Sudan and examined microscopically. According to results of previously analysed metabolic profile two group of cows were determinated and confirmed by microscope evaluation of liver tissue. First group showed medical report which indicate fatty liver existence. Second one showed physiological report. Comparing dimensions and optical density of fatty vacuoles of both group, we have noted that first group have significanly greater dimensions of fatty vacuoles, reduced dimensions of nuclei, reduced level of optical density of nuclei and higher level of optical density of fatty vacuoles. Relationship between fatty vacuole and nuclei diameters was negative. This can be related with fatty degeneration, necrosis or apoptosis in fatty infiltrated hepatocytes.