Designing good recirculating aquaculture systems (RASs) is challenging in shrimp aquaculture. In this study, two sets of RASs were constructed using sea cucumber nursery tanks for rearing Litopenaeus vannamei. Recirculating aquaculture was supported by key technologies such as sewage collection and aeration systems adapted to the rectangular tanks and technologies for the removal of sewage, shrimp shells, and dead individuals. Six-hundred and eighty-five thousand juveniles were selected for rearing in the newly constructed RASs, where the average stocking density was 1013 shrimp/m3. During the recirculating aquaculture period of 53 days, the water temperature of the tanks was 24–31 °C, the salinity was 25–32‰, the pH was 6.4–8.2, the DO was ≥ 4.9 mg/L, the concentration of total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) was maintained between 0.17 and 4.9 mg/L, the concentration of nitrite nitrogen (NO2-N) was between 0.12 and 4.7 mg/L, and the total number of Vibrio bacteria remained between 330 and 9700 cfu/mL. At the end of the experiment, the final average weight of individual shrimp was 13.43 g, and the average yield reached 12.92 kg/m3. The great improvement in growth performance marks a breakthrough in RAS technology of shrimp, and it supports the use of an innovative methodology for the retrofitting and utilization of idle sea cucumber nursery tanks.