{"references": ["Green Paper on damages actions for a breach of EC antitrust rules (presented by the Commission); {SEC(2005) 1732}; COM(2005) 672 fnal; 19 December 2005. Available from: https://eur-lex.europa. eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX%3A52005DC0672 [Accessed September, 12 2020]", "White Paper on damages actions for a breach of EC antitrust rules, {SEC(2008) 404}, {SEC(2008) 405}, {SEC(2008) 406}, COM(2008) 165 fnal, 2 April 2008. Available from: https://eur-lex.europa. eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=SEC:2008:0404:FIN:EN:PDF [Accessed September, 12 2020].", "Judgment of the ECJ in Case C-453/99 [2001] Courage Ltd v Crehan, ECLI:EU:C:2001:465.", "Commission staff working paper \u2013 Annex to the Green Paper damages actions for a breach of the EC antitrust rules, COM(2005) 672 fnal, SEC(2005) 1732, 19 December 2005. Available from: https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/8a5e61bd-b976-4610-a9f2-b612ca00e9d0/ language-en [Accessed September, 12 2020].", "Judgment of the ECJ in joined cases C-295/04 to C-298/04 [2006] Vincenzo Manfredi v Lloyd Adriatico Assicurazioni SpA, ECLI:EU:C:2006:461.", "White Paper on damages actions for breach of the EC antitrust rules, SEC(2008) 404, COM(2008) 165 fnal, 2 April 2008.", "Commission staff working paper - accompanying the White Paper on damages actions for the breach of the EC antitrust rules, {COM(2008) 165 fnal} {SEC (2008) 405} {SEC (2008) 406}. Available from: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EL/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52008SC0404 [Accessed September, 12 2020].", "White Paper on damages actions for breach of the EC antitrust rules, SEC(2008) 404, COM(2008) 165 fnal, 2 April 2008.", "White Paper on damages actions for a breach of EC antitrust rules, {SEC(2008) 404}, COM(2008) 165 fnal, 2 April 2008. Final decision means a judgement, where the defendant has exhausted all appeal avenues, and relates only to the same practices and same undertaking(s) for which the NCA or the review court found an infringement.", "White Paper on damages actions for a breach of EC antitrust rules, {SEC(2008) 404}, {SEC(2008)405}, {SEC(2008) 406}, COM(2008) 165 fnal, 2 April 2008, p. 7.", "White Paper on damages actions for a breach of EC antitrust rules, {SEC(2008) 404}, {SEC(2008) 405}, {SEC(2008) 406}, COM(2008) 165 fnal, 2 April 2008, p. 8.", "White Paper on damages actions for a breach of EC antitrust rules, {SEC(2008) 404}, COM(2008) 165 fnal, 2 April 2008, p. 8.", "Judgment of the Court (Fifth Chamber) [2014] in case C557/125 Kone AG and Others v \u00d6BB-Infrastruktur AG, ECLI:EU:C:2014:1317.", "Judgment of the Court (Second Chamber) [2019] in case C-724/17 Vantaan kaupunki v Skanska Industrial Solutions Oy and Others, ECLI:EU:C:2019:204.", "Judgment of the Court (Fifth Chamber) [2019] in case C-435/18 Otis Gesellschaft m.b.H. and Others v Land Ober\u00f6sterreich and Others, ECLI:EU:C:2019:1069; INNERHOFER, I., HINTERDORFER, S. (2020) Jedermann ist Jedermann \u2013 Aktivlegitimation bei Kartellschadenersatz (Otis ua C-435/18). \u00d6sterreichische Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Kartellrecht, 1, pp 20-29. Available from: https://doi. org/10.33196/oezk202001002001."]}

This unit was published in „International Cooperation of Competition Authorities in Europe: from Bilateral Agreements to Transgovernmental Networks” Błachucki, M., ed., (2020). While implementing damages actions for a breach of European competition rules, the correlation of public and private enforcement was a much-debated question in science and in practice. In particular, the effects on the (hitherto well-functioning) leniency programme and common efforts preventing forum shopping. Both have remarkable and well-known effects on the cooperation between competition authorities. Therefore, it is expedient (not only from a legal historic point of view) to analyse the chronological order from the first beginnings to the white paper on damages actions, in order to obtain a clearer understanding of those obstacles.