Increasing levels of anthropogenic underwater noise have caused concern over their potential impacts on marine life. Offshore renewable energy developments and seismic exploration can produce impulsive noise which is especially hazardous for marine mammals because it can induce auditory damage at shorter distances and behavioural disturbance at longer distances. However, far-field effects of impulsive noise remain poorly understood, causing a high level of uncertainty when predicting the impacts of offshore energy developments on marine mammal populations. Here we used a 10-year dataset on the occurrence of coastal bottlenose dolphins over the period 2009-2019 to investigate far-field effects of impulsive noise from offshore activities undertaken in three different years. Activities included a 2D seismic survey and the pile installation at two offshore wind farms, 20-75 km from coastal waters known to be frequented by dolphins. We collected passive acoustic data in key coastal areas and used a Before-After Control-Impact design to investigate variation in dolphin detections in areas exposed to different levels of impulsive noise from these offshore activities. We compared dolphin detections at two temporal scales, comparing years and days with and without impulsive noise. Passive acoustic data confirmed that dolphins continued to use the impact area throughout each offshore activity period, but also provided evidence of short-term behavioural responses in this area. Unexpectedly, and only at the smallest temporal scale, a consistent increase in dolphin detections was observed at the impact sites during activities generating impulsive noise. We suggest that this increase in dolphin detections could be explained by changes in vocalization behaviour. Marine mammal protection policies focus on the near-field effects of impulsive noise; however, our results emphasize the importance of investigating the far-field effects of anthropogenic disturbances to better understand the impacts of human activities on marine mammal populations.

Echolocation detectors (CPODs; Chelonia Ltd) were deployed between 2009 and 2019 to investigate the variation in dolphin detections in relation to the impulsive noise from three energy developments: a seismic survey for oil and gas exploration and the installation of foundation piles for two offshore wind farms (Beatrice Offshore Wind Farm and Moray East Offshore Wind Farm). Data on the timing of the seismic survey and piling operations were provided by the developers (Oil and Gas UK Ltd., COWRIE, Beatrice Offshore Wind Ltd. and Moray Offshore Wind Farm East).

Data consist of 7 files and include the datasets and R code required to repeat all the analyses. A full description of the files provided in the Readme.txt file: OFB_FarField_DPH.csv OFB_FarField_BOWL.csv OFB_FarField_MEOW.csv OFB_FarField_BACI_Obtain_DPH_Dataset.R OFB_FarField_DPH_for_BACI.csv OFB_FarField_BACI_DPH_Models.R OFB_FarField_Readme.txt