FiG. 10. — Evolution of the demography before and after the Neolithic transition (dt=0) in the Near East (Guerrero et al. 2007), in Europe (Bocquet-Appel 2002) and in North America (Bocquet-Appel & Naji 2006), estimated by the fertility index. The demographic transition occured at different times during the Holocene, unconnected to any major climate change (referenced by the global temperature fluctuations at the bottom of the graphic), estimated by the ratio of the 18 stable isotope of oxygen in the GISP2 ice core (adapted from Stuiver et al. 1995).