Despite likely being the most diverse group within theTricladida, the systematics of land planarians (Geoplanidae) has received minor attention. The most species‐rich ingroup, the subfamilyGeoplaninae, is restricted to theNeotropics. The systematics ofGeoplaninae remains uncertain. Unique features supporting the genera are scanty; moreover, parts of the known species have been poorly described, making comparative studies difficult. Likewise the evolutionary relationships among land planarians remain insufficiently understood. In the present study, a phylogenetic hypothesis for selected taxa ofGeoplaninae based on the molecular data is presented and discussed in the light of morphological features. Our phylogenetic inference is based on the fragments of three nuclear regions (18S, 28S rDNAandEF‐1α) and a mitochondrial marker (cytochrome oxidaseI) for which we considered three optimality criteria (parsimony, maximum likelihood andBayesian inference). Although our data provide little support for most basal nodes, our phylogenetic trees show a number of well‐supported clades, unveiling morphologically homogeneous groups. According to these results, we propose to separateGeoplanaintoBarreirana(formerly considered a subgenus),Crateragen. n.,Imbiragen. n.,Matuxiagen. n.,Obamagen. n. andParabagen. n., emend the diagnoses ofBarreirana,Geoplana,Notogynaphallia,PasiphaandXerapoaand review the classification of the species within these genera. ForGeoplana goetschisensuMarcus, (1951), a new name is proposed.