This report, ‘Environmental Assessment of Diets’, presents both an analysis of global dietary change since the 1960s as a function of income, focussing on macronutrient intake (energy, carbohydrate, protein and fat), and a more detailed environmental and nutrient density assessment of the present-day European diet. Particular emphasis is placed on the role of legumes in reducing CO2e emissions and gPO43- release associated with diet. The report ends with a nutritional and environmental comparison of the European diet with the recently launched EAT Lancet Commission reference diet.