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Null Hypothesis Significance Testing Interpreted and Calibrated by Estimating Probabilities of Sign Errors: A Bayes-Frequentist Continuum

Authors: Bickel, David R.;

Null Hypothesis Significance Testing Interpreted and Calibrated by Estimating Probabilities of Sign Errors: A Bayes-Frequentist Continuum

Abstract

Concepts from multiple testing can improve tests of single hypotheses. The proposed definition of the calibrated p value is an estimate of the local false sign rate, the posterior probability that the direction of the estimated effect is incorrect. Interpreting one-sided p values as estimates of conditional posterior probabilities, that calibrated p value is (1 - LFDR) p/2 + LFDR, where p is a two-sided p value and LFDR is an estimate of the local false discovery rate, the posterior probability that a point null hypothesis is true given p. A simple option for LFDR is the posterior probability derived from estimating the Bayes factor to be its e p ln(1/p) lower bound. The calibration provides a continuum between significance testing and traditional Bayesian testing. The former effectively assumes the prior probability of the null hypothesis is 0, as some statisticians argue is the case. Then the calibrated p value is equal to p/2, a one-sided p value, since LFDR = 0. In traditional Bayesian testing, the prior probability of the null hypothesis is at least 50%, which usually results in LFDR >> p. At that end of the continuum, the calibrated p value is close to LFDR.

Keywords

calibrated p value, reproducibility crisis, replication crisis, calibrated effect size estimation

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selected citations
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This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
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popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
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