{"references": ["The George Mateeljan Foundation. What are purines and how are they related to food and health? 2016. http://www.whfoods.com/genpage.php?tname+george&abid+51.", "Helmut R. The chemodiversity of purine as a constituent of natural products. Chemistry and Biodiversity, 2004; 1(3): pp. 361-401.", "Elguero j., Marzin C., Katritzky A.R. & Linda P. The Tautomerism of Heterocycles. Academic Press New York. 1976: pp. 655.", "Dietaryfiberfood.com. 2016. List of Foods High and Low in purine content. 2016. https://www.dietfiberfood.com/purine-and-uric-acid/purines-food-and-gout.php.", "Hill D.L. & Bennett C.L. Purification and properties of 5-phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate amidotransferase from adenocarcinoma 755 cells. Biochemistry. 1969; 8: pp. 122-130.", "Rowe B. & Coleman M.D., Wyngaarden J.B. Glutamine phosphoribosylphosphate amidotransferase. Catalytic and conformational heterogeneity of the pigeon liver enzyme. Biochemistry. 1970; 9: pp. 1498-1505.", "Gots J.S. Purine metabolism in bacteria. V. Feedback inhibition. J Biol Chem. 1957; 228: pp. 57-66.", "Brockman R.W. & Chumley S. Inhibition of Formyl. Glycinamide Eibonucleotide synthesis in neoplastic cells by purines and analogs. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1965; 95: pp. 365-379.", "Walsh M. Disorders of purine and pyrimidine metabolism. Pediatrics. 2018. https://www.cancertherapyadvisor.com/pediatrics/disorders-of-purine-and-pyrimidine-metabolism/article/623080.", "Fontenelle L.J. & Henderson J.F. An enzymatic basis for the inability of rythrocytes to synthesize purine ribonucleotides de novo. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1969; 177: pp. 175-176."]}

Purines conduct several vital cellular functions as in the production of the numeric-precursors of nucleic acids, whereas excess formation of uric acid generated from purines metabolism has been expansively implicated in human disease. The physiological functions and pathogenic attributes of uric acid have been linked to the imminent presentations of cardiovascular abnormalities, diabetes and stroke. Inasmuch as the overproduction of uric acid results in gout, it is established that uric acid constitutes a potent antioxidant in the shielding of DNA from single-strand breaks due to free radicals culminating in a protective effect in neuro degenerative disorders for an extended life span. Thus, this paper describes certain contronymic effects in the functionalities of purines in health and disease.