The article reveals the content and structure of theoretical thinking, in the context of the affected problem the psychological features of adolescence are analyzed, using active and personally oriented approaches denote the activity factors of the development of theoretical thinking of students of the main school. It is substantiated that adolescence is syncentic for the development of its components, such as abstraction, meaningful analysis, planning, generalization and reflection. It is proved that the effectiveness of this process is due to the special form of activity of the subject, which is the educational activity with the outlined components. The emphasis is placed on the fact that the affected problem still remains relevant in teaching mathematics students of the main school.