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A árvore Bastos: Construção de objeto matemático que cobre os ímpares positivos e implica a Conjectura de Collatz

The Bastos tree: Construction of a mathematical object covering the positive odd integers and implying the Collatz Conjecture
Authors: Terêncio de Bastos, Carlos Alberto;

A árvore Bastos: Construção de objeto matemático que cobre os ímpares positivos e implica a Conjectura de Collatz

Abstract

(PT) Título: A árvore Bastos: Construção de objeto matemático que cobre os ímpares positivos e implica a Conjectura de Collatz Resumo Apresentamos a árvore Bastos ℬ: estrutura matemática construtiva e autônoma, gerada a partir do número 1 por uma única operação Φ_a(M) = (M · 2^a − 1)/3 com admissibilidade modular derivada de M · 2^a ≡ 1 (mod 3). Diferentemente das abordagens forward sobre Collatz, que empregam descida, contração ou ergodicidade, a árvore parte da raiz 1 e gera os ímpares positivos por aplicação iterada de Φ_a. Desenvolvemos ferramentas estruturais internas — entre elas a identidade Φ_{a+2} = 4Φ_a + 1, famílias binárias, a forma fechada 2^S = 3^s · n + d_w que certifica algebricamente cada caminho, e a cota α̅ > log₂ 3 para a média de expoentes — e estabelecemos as propriedades estruturais da árvore (boa-ordenação, antecessor único na subida, Lei dos Irmãos). Demonstramos que ℬ cobre exatamente ℕ⁺ímpar por dois caminhos de prova interdependentes: a via da construção (Caminho 1), onde o erro terminal e o travamento s_k = v_2(R_{k+1}) determinam, sem grau de liberdade, a composição finita do 1 que codifica cada n; e a via da comparação (Caminho 2), onde a subida do 1 atinge toda classe coprima a 3 mod 3^b para todo b (via Gauss: 2 é raiz primitiva mod 3^k para todo k), e a ausência de ciclos (r cresce a cada giro) fecha a cobertura pontual. A demonstração é estritamente forward na árvore Bastos (= construindo do 1 ao alvo, jamais retornando ao 1) e interna, sem argumentos probabilísticos, estatísticos, ergódicos ou transcendentes. Como corolário direto, pela inversão Bastos-Collatz, estabelecemos a Conjectura de Collatz. MSC 2020: 11B83 (primária); 11A07, 11N99, 37P99 (secundárias) Palavras-chave: árvore Bastos; cobertura construtiva; Conjectura de Collatz; identidade Φ_{a+2} = 4Φ_a + 1; forma fechada; admissibilidade modular; caminho da construção; caminho da comparação; cobertura por resolução; Gauss (EN) Title: The Bastos tree: Construction of a mathematical object covering the positive odd integers and implying the Collatz Conjecture Abstract We present the Bastos tree ℬ: a constructive and autonomous mathematical structure, generated from the number 1 by a single operation Φ_a(M) = (M · 2^a − 1)/3 with modular admissibility derived from M · 2^a ≡ 1 (mod 3). Unlike forward approaches employing descent, contraction or ergodicity, the tree starts from root 1 and generates the positive odd integers by iterated application of Φ_a. We develop internal structural tools — among them the identity Φ_{a+2} = 4Φ_a + 1, binary families, the closed form 2^S = 3^s · n + d_w which algebraically certifies every path, and the bound α̅ > log₂ 3 on the average exponent — and establish the tree's structural properties (well-ordering, unique predecessor in the ascent, Siblings' Law). We prove that ℬ covers exactly ℕ⁺odd via two interdependent proof paths: the path of construction (Path 1), where the terminal error and the locking s_k = v_2(R_{k+1}) determine, without any degree of freedom, the finite composition from 1 that encodes each n; and the path of comparison (Path 2), where the ascent from 1 reaches every class coprime to 3 mod 3^b for all b (via Gauss: 2 is a primitive root mod 3^k for all k), and the absence of cycles (r grows with each turn) closes the pointwise coverage. The proof is strictly forward on the Bastos tree (= building from 1 to the target, never returning to 1) and internal, without probabilistic, statistical, ergodic or transcendent arguments. As a direct corollary, via the Bastos-Collatz inversion, we establish the Collatz Conjecture. MSC 2020: 11B83 (primary); 11A07, 11N99, 37P99 (secondary) Keywords: Bastos tree; constructive coverage; Collatz Conjecture; identity Φ_{a+2} = 4Φ_a + 1; closed form; modular admissibility; path of construction; path of comparison; coverage by resolution; Gauss

Keywords

Bastos tree; constructive coverage; Collatz Conjecture; identity Φ_{a+2} = 4Φ_a + 1; closed form; modular admissibility; path of construction; path of comparison; coverage by resolution; Gauss, árvore Bastos; cobertura construtiva; Conjectura de Collatz; princípio de Peano; identidade Φ_{a+2} = 4Φ_a + 1; forma fechada; admissibilidade modular; preservação total da informação; pilares estruturais; dualidade construtiva-exclusiva

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
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