(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Integrating population ecology and aeroecology is important for conservation for species that depend on aerial habitats. Assessing population response to anthropogenic stressors is key to predicting species at risk of extirpation or extinction, yet can be particularly challenging for species that predominately use the aerosphere. In this chapter, we focus on two aerial vertebrate consumers (purple martins and Brazilian free-tailed bats) as well-studied model systems to explore interactions between environmental forcing, behaviors, and population ecology. We also explore new recent progress on using radar-based methods to quantify aerial populations and discuss the utility of these novel approaches for a more promising integration of aeroecology and population ecology.