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Sums of powers via backward finite differences and Newton's formula

Authors: Kolosov, Petro;

Sums of powers via backward finite differences and Newton's formula

Abstract

Abstract In this manuscript, we derive closed formulas for multifold sums of powers of integers by combining the backward Newton interpolation formula with hockey-stick identities for binomial coefficients. We further obtain representations of multifold sums of powers in terms of Stirling numbers of the second kind and Eulerian numbers. Finally, we provide Wolfram Mathematica programs for the efficient verification of the derived identities. Related works Newton's interpolation formula and sums of powers (2025) Sums of powers via central finite differences and Newton's formula (2025) Sums of powers via backward finite differences and Newton's formula (2026) Sums of powers of integers: A complete framework for closed formulas (2026) OEIS A278075 — Triangle read by rows: T(n,k) = \sum_{j=0}^{k} (-1)^j \binom{k}{j} (0-j)^n. (2017) A389570 — Triangle read by rows: T(n,k) = \sum_{j=0}^{k} (-1)^j \binom{k}{j} (1-j)^n. (2026) A391068 — Triangle read by rows: T(n,k) = \sum_{j=0}^{k} (-1)^j \binom{k}{j} (2-j)^n. (2026) A391210 — Triangle read by rows: T(n,k) = \sum_{j=0}^{k} (-1)^j \binom{k}{j} (3-j)^n. (2026) A395604 — Triangle read by rows: T(n,k) = \sum_{j=0}^{k} (-1)^j \binom{k}{j} (4-j)^n. (2026) Metadata Initial release date: January 1, 2026. MSC2010: 05A19, 05A10, 11B83, 03C40. Keywords: Sums of powers, Newton's interpolation formula, Finite differences, Binomial coefficients, Faulhaber's formula, Bernoulli numbers, Bernoulli polynomials, Interpolation, Approximation, Discrete convolution, Combinatorics, Polynomial identities, Central factorial numbers, Stirling numbers, Eulerian numbers, Worpitzky identity, Pascal's triangle, OEIS. License: This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18118011 Web version: https://kolosovpetro.github.io/sums-of-powers-backward-differences/ Sources: https://github.com/kolosovpetro/SumsOfPowersViaBackwardFiniteDifferencesAndNewtonFormula ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6544-8880 Email: kolosovp94@gmail.com

Keywords

Sums of powers, Finite differences, Central factorial numbers, Bernoulli polynomials, Worpitzky identity, Interpolation, Stirling numbers, Faulhaber's formula, Combinatorics, Binomial coefficients, Newton's interpolation formula, Eulerian numbers, Bernoulli numbers, OEIS

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selected citations
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This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
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