This dataset contains high-resolution photomicrographs and raw archaeometric data related to the article “Archaeometric Insights into Pre-pottery Neolithic Clay Technologies at Ba`ja, Jordan: Distinguishing Three Types of Clay Objects.” 10.1007/s12520-025-02262-y The dataset includes: All photomicrographs of thin sections published in the article, as well as additional unpublished images Each image file (JPG format) is labeled with the sample name, magnification, and whether it was taken under plane-polarized light (PPL) or crossed polars (XPL). The photomicrographs were taken using Canon 60D and 40D cameras mounted on an Olympus BX51 petrographic microscope. Four photomicrographs of thin sections from an experimental firing of calcareous clay tempered with avian eggshells. The firing was conducted in a furnace preheated to 900 °C and maintained for 15 minutes to simulate rapid firing conditions. Raw X-ray diffraction (XRD) data in .xrdml format, an open XML-based format. Each file includes full instrumentation and measurement metadata and is labeled according to sample names. Research was supported by following projects and intstitutions: GAČR GA20-19542S (Tracing the Neolithic transition through the first pottery) Ready for the future: understanding long-term resilience of the human culture project (CZ.02.01.01/00/22_008/0004593) financial support of the Ministry of Transport within the programme of long-term conceptual development of research institutions (MD/8449/2021/710) institutional support by the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Archaeology, Brno (RVO: 68081758). We acknowledge CzechNanoLab Research Infrastructure supported by MEYS CR (LM2023051).