Downloads provided by UsageCounts
The rationale of road-pricing schemes is to reduce the negative externalities of road traffic by increasing costs to decrease demand. Although in the transportation literature this is a well-acknowledged means of relieving cities from congestion, only few cities have introduced such schemes so far. One of the most notable examples in Europe is London’s congestion charge. Motorists entering London’s city center are required to pay a fixed levy during working hours. The revenue generated by this levy is partly dedicated to improvements of the public transport system. The benefits of this congestion charge have only been analyzed from an economic perspective without reference to its impact on macroscopic traffic indicators. The recently introduced macroscopic fundamental diagram (MFD) and its extension to multimodal traffic, the 3D-MFD, offer a novel framework to address this gap. In this paper, we analyze the performance of London’s overground traffic with the empirical 3D-MFD covering both car traffic and buses. Data is acquired from loop detectors (for car traffic) and automated vehicle location devices (for buses).
Road pricing, MFD, 3D-MFD, public transport, traffic flow, congestion, London, MFD, London, Congestion, Road pricing; MFD; 3D-MFD; Public transport; Traffic flow; Congestion; London, 3D-MFD, Public transport, Road pricing, Traffic flow
Road pricing, MFD, 3D-MFD, public transport, traffic flow, congestion, London, MFD, London, Congestion, Road pricing; MFD; 3D-MFD; Public transport; Traffic flow; Congestion; London, 3D-MFD, Public transport, Road pricing, Traffic flow
| selected citations These citations are derived from selected sources. This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically). | 0 | |
| popularity This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network. | Average | |
| influence This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically). | Average | |
| impulse This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network. | Average |
| views | 2 | |
| downloads | 2 |

Views provided by UsageCounts
Downloads provided by UsageCounts