The known distribution of Leocarpus Link in the Neotropics, with special attention to Brazil, is presented herein, enhancing our understanding of the worldwide distribution of the genus. Field collections, herbarium documentation, supplemented with a literature review (1863-2024), showed that L. fragilis (Dicks.) Rostaf., the single species of the genus, is very rare in Brazil, with only five records in over 100 years. Geographic distribution, climate types, elevation ranges, vegetational environments, microhabitats, and substrates where this species has been recorded are commented upon.