Interactions between fast ions and slow neutral atoms are commonly dominated by charge-exchange and momentum-exchange collisions, which are important to understanding and simulating the performance and behavior of many plasma devices. To investigate these interactions, this work developed a simple, well-characterized experiment that accurately measures the behavior of high energy xenon ions incident on a background of xenon neutral atoms. By using well-defined operating conditions and a simple geometry, these results serve as canonical data for the development and validation of plasma models and models of neutral beam sources that need to ensure accurate treatment of angular scattering distributions of charge-exchange and momentum-exchange ions and neutrals. The energies used in this study are relevant for electric propulsion devices (~1.5 keV), and can be used to improve models of ion-neutral interactions in the plume. By comparing these results to both analytical and computational models of ion-neutral interactions, we discovered the importance of: (1) accurately treating the differential cross-sections for momentum-exchange and charge-exchange collisions over a large range of neutral background pressures, and (2) properly considering commonly overlooked interactions, such as ion-induced electron emission from nearby surfaces and neutral-neutral ionization collisions.