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Effect Of Subsequent Drying And Wetting On The Small Strain Shear Modulus Of Unsaturated Soils

Authors: A. Khosravi; S. Ghadirian; J. S. McCartney;

Effect Of Subsequent Drying And Wetting On The Small Strain Shear Modulus Of Unsaturated Soils

Abstract

{"references": ["Ghayoomi, M., McCartney, J. S., and Ko, H.-Y. (2013). \"Empirical methodology to estimate seismically induced settlement of partially saturated sand.\" ASCE, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering. 139(3), 367-376.", "Hardin, B.O. (1978). \"The nature of stress stain behavior of soils.\" Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics. 1, 3\u201390.", "Hardin, B.O. (1978). \"The nature of stress-strain behavior of soils.\" Proceedings of Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics, ASCE Pasadena, California, 1(3-89).", "Heitor, A., Indraratna, B., and Rujikiatkamjorn, C. (2014). \"Aspects related to the small strain shear modulus behaviour of compacted soils subjected to wetting and drying.\" Proceedings of the 2014 Geo-congress: Geo-characterization and Modelling for sustainability, Atlanta, pp. 1433-1442.", "Khosravi, A., Ghayoomi, M., McCartney, J.S. and Ko, H.Y. (2010). \"Impact of effective stress on the dynamic shear modulus of unsaturated sand.\" GeoFlorida 2010, West Palm Beach, Florida, USA. Feb. 20-24.", "Khosravi, A. (2011). \"Small strain shear modulus of unsaturated, compacted soils during hydraulic hysteresis.\" Ph.D. diss., Boulder, Colorado: University of Colorado at Boulder.", "Khosravi, A., and McCartney, J.S. (2011). \"Suction-controlled resonant column test for unsaturated soils.\" ASTM Geotech. Test. J., 34(6), 1-10.", "Khosravi, A. and McCartney, J.S. (2012). \"Impact of hydraulic hysteresis on the Small-Strain shear modulus of low plasticity soils.\" ASCE, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 138(11), 1326-1333.", "Khosravi, M., Tamura, S., Boulanger, R. W., Wilson, D. W., Olgun, C. G., Rayamajhi, D., Wang, Y., (2015). \"Dynamic centrifuge tests on soft clay reinforced by soil-cement grids.\" IFCEE 2015, ASCE, Reston, VA, 2349-2358.\n[10]\tKhosravi, A., Salam, S., McCartney, J. S., Dadashi, A. (2016). \"Suction-induced hardening effects on the shear modulus of unsaturated silt.\" International Journal of Geomechanics, 10.1061/(ASCE) GM.1943-5622.0000614.\n[11]\tKramer, S.L. (1996). \"Geotechnical earthquake engineering\", Prentice Hall, New Jersey.\n[12]\tLand, C.S. (1968). \"Calculation of imbibition relative permeability for two and three-phase flow from rock properties.\" Soc. Pet. Eng. J, -8, 149-156.\n[13]\tLu N. and Likos W.J. (2006). \"Suction stress characteristic curve for unsaturated soil.\" ASCE, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 132(2), 131-142.\n[14]\tMartin, G.R., Finn W.D.L., and Seed H. B. (1975). \"Fundamentals of liquefaction under cyclic loading\", Journal of Geotechnical Engineering Devision, ASCE, 101(5), 423-438.\n[15]\tMcCartney, J.S. and Zornberg, J.G. (2010). \"Centrifuge permeameter for unsaturated soils. II: Measurement of the hydraulic characteristicsof an unsaturated clay.\" ASCE, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 136(8), 1064-1076.\n[16]\tNg, C.W.W., Yung, S.Y. (2008). \"Determination of the anisotropic shear stiffness of an unsaturated decomposed soil.\" Geotechnique, 58(1), 23\u201335. \n[17]\tParker, J.C., and Lenhard, R.J. (1987). \"A model for hysteretic constitutive relations governing multiphase flow. 1: Saturation\u2013pressure relations.\" Water Resources Research, 2312, 2187\u20132196.\n[18]\tRayamajhi, D., Tamura, S., Khosravi, M., Boulanger, R.W., Wilson, D., Ashford, S.A., and Olgun, C.G., (2015). \"Dynamic Centrifuge Tests to Evaluate Reinforcing Mechanisms of Soil-Cement Columns in Liquefiable Sand.\" Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 140(3), 04015015-1.\n[19]\tSeed, H.B., and Idriss, I.M. (1971). \"Simplified procedure for evaluating soil liquefaction potential.\" J. Soil Mechanics Found. Div., ASCE, 97(9), 1249-1274.\n[20]\tvan Genuchten, M.T. (1980). \"A closed-form equation for predicting the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated soils.\" Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 44, 892\u201398.\n[21]\tVassallo, R., Mancuso, C., and Vinale, F. (2007a). \"Effects of net stress and suction history on the small strain stiffness of a compacted clayey silt.\" Can. Geotech. J., 44(4), 447\u2013462.\n[22]\tWong, K.S., Mas\u0131n, D., and Ng, C.W.W. (2014). \"Modelling of shear stiffness of unsaturated fine grained soils at very small strains\". Computers and Geotechnics, 56, 28\u201339."]}

Evaluation of the seismic-induced settlement of an unsaturated soil layer depends on several variables, among which the small strain shear modulus, Gmax, and soil’s state of stress have been demonstrated to be of particular significance. Recent interpretation of trends in Gmax revealed considerable effects of the degree of saturation and hydraulic hysteresis on the shear stiffness of soils in unsaturated states. Accordingly, the soil layer is expected to experience different settlement behaviors depending on the soil saturation and seasonal weathering conditions. In this study, a semi-empirical formulation was adapted to extend an existing Gmax model to infer hysteretic effects along different paths of the SWRC including scanning curves. The suitability of the proposed approach is validated against experimental results from a suction-controlled resonant column test and from data reported in literature. The model was observed to follow the experimental data along different paths of the SWRC, and showed a slight hysteresis in shear modulus along the scanning curves.

Keywords

Scanning path, Unsaturated soil., Small strain shear modulus, Hydraulic hysteresis

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