The widespread use of e-learning systems in both academic and non-academicorganizations made it necessary to improve both the overall security level and protection againstidentity spoofing and cheating. Security is a key issue, as it forms the basis of trust in the onlinelearning results. There are many risks associated with security, such as confidentiality loss, personaldata compromising, availability, forgery and destruction of materials and learning outcomes. Thepaper focus is on the vulnerabilities of learning systems and how to increase data security. The attacksrelevant to the learning systems are presented as well. The paper examines the authentication methodsin e-learning systems, main benefits and disadvantages of each method, highlights the associatedthreats, and provides recommendations for selecting a specific method. The paper considers thethreats of academic integrity violation and the technical methods used to protect against them. Thelegal framework for the collection and processing of personal data in learning platforms is analyzedfrom the perspective of Ukrainian and European Union legislation.