This book provides an insightful and modern treatment of combinatorial and algorithmic mathematics, with an elegant transition from mathematical foundations to optimization. It is designed for mathematics, computer science, and engineering students. The book is crowned with modern optimization methodologies. Without the optimization part, the book can be used as a textbook in a one- or two-term undergraduate course in combinatorial and algorithmic mathematics. The optimization part can be used in a one-term high-level undergraduate course, or a low- to medium-level graduate course. The book spans xv+527 pages across 12 chapters, featuring 391 LaTeX pictures, 108 tables, and 218 illustrative examples. There are also 159 nontrivial exercises included at the end of the chapters, with complete solutions included at the end of the book. Complexity progressively grows, building upon previously introduced concepts. The book includes traditional topics as well as cutting-edge topics in modern optimization.