This work presents an analysis of the distribution and market reserve in medical specialties in Brazil and the guarantee of the right to health. The medical training process, its evolution and important milestones are discussed, to lead the reader to understand the political, social and economic factors that influence the training and distribution of medical specialists in the regions of the country. This is a scientific essay carried out with collection from various research sources, mainly secondary data, such as historical documents, laws, regulations and specialized literature, among others, using descriptors. Next, the texts were read and analyzed, and an attempt was made to recognize the discussions relevant to the theme that were grouped into discussion groups. The nuclei were: 1) Specialized medical training in Brazil, 2) Specialization versus medical labor market reserve, 3) Specialization versus medical labor market reserve. The analysis reveals regional inequalities, neglect of equity and universal access by the population and the concentration of specialists in a few areas, indicating the urgent need for effective public policies. It is concluded that there is a complexity in the system, where different interests shape the unequal distribution of health professionals. Promoting transparency and equity in specialist training and distribution policies is vital to guarantee universal access to health aligned with the needs of the SUS and the Brazilian population.