Recent advances in DNA-sequencing technologies now allow for in-depth characterization of the genomic stress responses of many organisms beyond model taxa. They are especially appropriate for organisms such as reef-building corals, for which dramatic declines in abundance are expected to worsen as anthropogenic climate change intensifies. Different corals differ substantially in physiological resilience to environmental stress, but the molecular mechanisms behind enhanced coral resilience remain unclear. Here, we compare transcriptome-wide gene expression (via RNA-Seq using Illumina sequencing) among conspecific thermally sensitive and thermally resilient corals to identify the molecular pathways contributing to coral resilience. Under simulated bleaching stress, sensitive and resilient corals change expression of hundreds of genes, but the resilient corals had higher expression under control conditions across 60 of these genes. These “frontloaded” transcripts were less up-regulated in resilient corals during heat stress and included thermal tolerance genes such as heat shock proteins and antioxidant enzymes, as well as a broad array of genes involved in apoptosis regulation, tumor suppression, innate immune response, and cell adhesion. We propose that constitutive frontloading enables an individual to maintain physiological resilience during frequently encountered environmental stress, an idea that has strong parallels in model systems such as yeast. Our study provides broad insight into the fundamental cellular processes responsible for enhanced stress tolerances that may enable some organisms to better persist into the future in an era of global climate change.

33496_Ahyacinthus_CoralContigs.fastaContigs with putative Cnidarian origin from a de novo transcriptome assembly of Acropora hyacinthus. 16 individual A hyacinthus adult colonies were exposed to control and elevated thermal exposures, mRNA was isolated and sequenced using the Illumina GA IIX platform, assembled, and resulting contigs were screened against known cnidarian databases for strong matches to isolate sequences likely to be coral in origin.33496_MasterCombinedAnnotationTablewHGNC.txtCombined annotation information for the 33,496 coral contigs from the Acropora hyacinthus de novo assembly. Annotations are based on BLASTx matches to the ncbi nr and uniprot swissprot and TrEMBL databases.