We analyzed published downcore microfossil records from 150 studies and reinterpreted them from an ecological degradation perspective to address the following, critical but still imperfectly answered questions: (1) How is the timing of human-induced degradation of marine ecosystems different among regions? (2) What are the dominant causes of human-induced marine ecological degradation? (3) How can we better document natural variability and thereby avoid the problem of shifting baselines of comparison as degradation progresses over time? The results indicated that: (1) ecological degradation in marine systems began significantly earlier in Europe and North America (~1800s) compared to Asia (post-1900) due to earlier industrialization in European and North American countries, (2) ecological degradation accelerated globally in the late 20th century due to post-World War II economic growth, (3) recovery from the degraded state in late 20th century following various restoration efforts and environmental regulations occurred only in limited localities. Though complex in detail, typical signs of ecological degradation were diversity decline, dramatic changes in total abundance, decrease of benthic and/or sensitive species, and increase of planktic, resistant, toxic, and/or introduced species. The predominant cause of degradation detected in these microfossil records was nutrient enrichment and the resulting symptoms of eutrophication, including hypoxia. Other causes also played considerable roles in some areas, including severe metal pollution around mining sites, water acidification by acidic wastewater, and salinity changes from construction of causeways, dikes, and channels, deforestation and land clearance. Microfossils enable reconstruction of the ecological history of the past 102–103 years or even more, and, in conjunction with statistical modeling approaches using independent proxy records of climate and human-induced environmental changes, future research will enable workers to better address Shifting Baseline Syndrome and separate anthropogenic impacts from background natural variability.

Table S1Table S1. Dtataset used for the present paper (see Text S1 for references). Ostracod: benthic ostracod; Foram: benthic foraminifera. Planktic foram: planktic foraminifera. Dino: dinoflagellate. ND: not detectable.Yasuharaetal_TableS1.xlsText S1Text S1. References Cited in Table S1.Yasuhara_S_Text_S1.docData tableData table for the global analyses of microfossil data in the present study. AN: Australia and New Zealand. SA: South America. AF: Africa. ASIA: Asia. NAMER: North America. EU: Europe. O: Other.Yasuharaetal_data.xls