Mindfulness has become an influential construct in contemporary stress management research and practice, particularly within psychological and clinical contexts. However, its conceptual roots in Buddhist traditions and the implications of this origin for modern applications are often insufficiently examined. This narrative review aims to synthesize and critically analyze the literature on mindfulness in stress management from the complementary perspectives of Buddhism and modern psychology. Relevant peer-reviewed articles and scholarly books were identified through searches of PsycINFO, PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. The selected literature was analyzed using thematic and interpretive synthesis to identify key conceptual frameworks, theoretical models, and empirical findings. The results indicate that mindfulness contributes to stress reduction primarily through enhanced present-moment awareness, improved emotional regulation, and reduced cognitive reactivity. While modern psychological approaches emphasize measurable outcomes and intervention efficacy, Buddhist perspectives conceptualize mindfulness as part of a broader ethical and wisdom-based path addressing the root causes of suffering. Integrating these perspectives offers a more comprehensive understanding of mindfulness and supports the development of theoretically grounded and culturally sensitive stress management interventions. The review further highlights implications for theory, practice, and policy, suggesting that mindfulness-informed approaches may play a valuable role in mental health, education, and public health strategies when implemented with appropriate conceptual and ethical foundations.