THE break-up of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the carving of the Baltic States out of Western Russia. have caused a number of new countries to appear on the map of Europe in the broad isthmus between the Eastern Baltic and the Eastern Mediterranean. It would seem as if the irregular patch-work quilt arrangement, formerly peculiar to the Balkan Peninsula, had been extended by the Peace settlements over the whole of this intermediate belt of Europe, and as if a perverse spirit had inspired the Treafy-makers to multiply to the utmost the length of international frontiers. It is worth inquiring into the. actual increase in these frontiers, as much to show that the percentage increase is smaller in reality than in appearance, as to afford some justification for the arrangements made. Let us examine the area lying to the south of the New Poland first. The length of the pre-war land frontiers of Austria-Hungary including Bosnia-Herzegovina was about 3,300 miles, while that of the frontiers of Serbia with countries other than Austria-Hungary was about 700 miles, and that of Rumania with Russia about 400 miles, thus making a total of about 4,400 miles. Under the new conditions the following States in this area have frontiers to be considered: German Austria, Czecho-Slovakia, Rumania, Hungary, Poland (southern frontier), and Jugo-Slavia. For the purpose of estimating the difference in length of frontiers here, the new frontiers of the first two may be taken as representing the gross increase; because the southern boundary of Poland is then accounted for, and because the new western frontier of Rumania is about equal in length to the old western one, and its new eastern frontier shows no increase in length. It is noteworthy that the throwing together of States in Jugo-Slavia has caused a shortening of frontiers in that region of about 425 miles, as explained below. When the lengthening of frontiers through the emergence of German Austria and of CzechoSlovakia is balanced against the shortening produced by that of Jugo-Slavia, the result is approximately the difference required, and the frontiers of Rumania and Hungary and the southern frontier of Poland can be neglected. In accordance with this plan the following estimates are given, in approximate figures. The increase in frontiers in the new