Activation of certain subtypes of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor can enhance cell survival. In SK-N-SH human neuroblastoma cells, muscarinic acetylcholine receptor activation induces phosphorylation of CREB and induction of EGR1, transcription factors associated with cell growth and survival. We identified the M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtype as being primarily responsible for these transcription factor responses after stimulation with carbachol, using subtype-preferring receptor antagonists and muscarinic snake toxins. In a cell survival/death model in SK-N-SH cells deprived of serum growth factors, carbachol increased cell viability, an effect blocked by the non-specific muscarinic antagonist atropine and the M3-preferring antagonist 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine methiodide (4-DAMP), suggesting that the M3 receptor is also driving the survival response in these cells. This cytoprotection is largely dependent on activation of the p44/42 extracellular regulated kinase (ERK1/2) pathway. Understanding such survival signalling pathways is important for both potential interventions in neurodegenerative disease and for targeting neuroblastoma and malignancies of the central nervous system.