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Discrete Mathematics & Theoretical Computer Science
Article . 2007 . Peer-reviewed
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Why almost all satisfiable $k$-CNF formulas are easy

Authors: Amin Coja-Oghlan; Michael Krivelevich; Dan Vilenchik;

Why almost all satisfiable $k$-CNF formulas are easy

Abstract

Finding a satisfying assignment for a $k$-CNF formula $(k \geq 3)$, assuming such exists, is a notoriously hard problem. In this work we consider the uniform distribution over satisfiable $k$-CNF formulas with a linear number of clauses (clause-variable ratio greater than some constant). We rigorously analyze the structure of the space of satisfying assignments of a random formula in that distribution, showing that basically all satisfying assignments are clustered in one cluster, and agree on all but a small, though linear, number of variables. This observation enables us to describe a polynomial time algorithm that finds $\textit{whp}$ a satisfying assignment for such formulas, thus asserting that most satisfiable $k$-CNF formulas are easy (whenever the clause-variable ratio is greater than some constant). This should be contrasted with the setting of very sparse $k$-CNF formulas (which are satisfiable $\textit{whp}$), where experimental results show some regime of clause density to be difficult for many SAT heuristics. One explanation for this phenomena, backed up by partially non-rigorous analytical tools from statistical physics, is the complicated clustering of the solution space at that regime, unlike the more "regular" structure that denser formulas possess. Thus in some sense, our result rigorously supports this explanation.

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Keywords

algorithms and data structures, message passing algorithms, [info.info-dm] computer science [cs]/discrete mathematics [cs.dm], [INFO.INFO-DS] Computer Science [cs]/Data Structures and Algorithms [cs.DS], [MATH.MATH-CO] Mathematics [math]/Combinatorics [math.CO], [INFO.INFO-DM] Computer Science [cs]/Discrete Mathematics [cs.DM], [INFO.INFO-CG] Computer Science [cs]/Computational Geometry [cs.CG], [info.info-cg] computer science [cs]/computational geometry [cs.cg], QA1-939, sat, [info.info-ds] computer science [cs]/data structures and algorithms [cs.ds], SAT, computational and structural complexity, Mathematics, [math.math-co] mathematics [math]/combinatorics [math.co]

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
8
Average
Average
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Published in a Diamond OA journal