Except for the south-European “ Mesodicus” foveolatus Fieber, 1866, here treated as incertae sedis pending examination of the type, the genus Xerophloea Germar, 1839, is Neogeic in its distribution. Of the 27 nominal species that have been placed in Xerophloea , 13 are recognized as valid and are keyed, with descriptions, geographic distributions, and illustrations. These 13 are separated primarily on the basis of a broad concept of geographic distribution, associated with the relation between interocular width and median length of crown. Xerophloea peltata (Uhler), previously confused with X. viridis (Fabr.), is resurrected from synonymy, and X. carinata var. gigas Oman is elevated to specific status. New synonymy: X. breviceps Osborn (= X. carinata Oman), X. robusta Lawson (= X. inflata Lawson), Ar. viridis (Fabr.) (= X. minor Lawson and X. oraclis Lawson), and X. peltata (Uhler) (= X. zionis Lawson, X. vanduzeei Lawson, X. obtusa Lawson, X. californica Lawson, X. brunnea Lawson, and X. tenuata Lawson).d