
A family of objects \(\{ A_i\mid i\in J\}\) is said to be independent if there is no homomorphism \(A_i\rightarrow A_j\) for distinct \(i,j\in J\). The authors establish infinite independent families of finite objects (IIFF) for many classes of graphs. A class \(\mathcal K\) of graphs is a finitely generated Horn class (FGH-class) if there exists a finite set \({\mathcal A}\) of finite graphs such that \({\mathcal K}\) consists of all subgraphs of categorical products of graphs from \({\mathcal A}\). Dropping the finiteness condition on \({\mathcal A}\) one gets the notion of universal Horn class (UH). The two results that there exist continuum many UH-classes and there exist continuum many UH-classes of \(H\)-colourable graphs, that is, graphs \(G\) for which there is a homomorphism \(G\rightarrow H\) for any non-bipartite graph \(H\) are reproved with an approach based on the following earlier result of the authors. Let \(H\) be a fixed finite graph. Then the class \(\rightarrow H = \{ G \mid \text{ there is a homomorphism } G\rightarrow H \}\) is an FGH-class. In Section 1 the existence of IIFF's is connected with the universality of the respective categories. In Section 2 an IIFF is constructed without any relation to universality. In Section 3 examples show how much weaker the existence of an IIFF is, as compared with the universality. In particular, in Section 1 it is shown that the class \({\mathbf Ch}_n\) of (precisely) \(n\)-chromatic undirected graphs, \(n\geq 3\), the class \({\mathbf LC}_n\) of undirected graphs with the shortest length of a cycle at least \(n\) and the class of all graphs \(G\) with a homomorphic image isomorphic to \(H\) contain a homomorphism-independent family of any size, and a countable one consisting of finite objects.
Graph theory, homomorphism, independent, categories, Horn class, Discrete Mathematics and Combinatorics, General theory of categories and functors, Theoretical Computer Science
Graph theory, homomorphism, independent, categories, Horn class, Discrete Mathematics and Combinatorics, General theory of categories and functors, Theoretical Computer Science
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