AbstractPlant nutritional quality and chemical characteristics may affect the fitness of phytophagous insects. Here, the olfactory preferences ofBactrocera oleae(Rossi) females toward olives with different maturation and infestation status were evaluated in three cultivars: Ottobratica, Roggianella and Sinopolese. Volatile profiles from olives were identified by SPME/GC-MS. Choice tests were performed to determine the responses ofB. oleaeadult females toward fruits and pure chemicals linked to infestation degree. Cultivar was the main source of variability explaining the differences recorded in volatile emissions. Moreover, three VOCs [β-myrcene, limonene and (E)-β-ocimene] were associated to infestation status across all olive varieties. In choice-tests,B. oleaefemales always preferred the olfactory cues from low-infested over high-infested fruits. Therefore, choice-tests using synthetic VOCs, emitted in greater amount by high-infested fruit, were arranged in order to identify putativeB. oleaekairomones. While females were indifferent toβ-myrcene, the highest dosages of limonene and (E)-β-ocimene were unfavoured by the tested flies, which preferentially moved toward the empty arm of the Y-tube. Furthermore, females preferred the lowest concentration ofβ-ocimene compared to the highest one. These results supported our hypothesis that fruit VOCs may serve as kairomones for female flies.