The Anastrepha robusta species group is revised to include the following 29 species: A. amaryllis Tigrero (Ecuador), A. amazonensis, n. sp. (Brazil: Amazonas), A. bella, n. sp. (Panamá), A. binodosa Stone (Brazil: Amazonas, Pará), A. concava Greene (Costa Rica to Ecuador and Brazil: Amazonia), A. cordata Aldrich (México to Venezuela), A. cryptostrepha Hendel (Peru, Surinam), A. cryptostrephoides, n. sp. (Perú), A. disticrux, n. sp. (Jamaica), A. fenestrata Lutz & Lima (Brazil: Amazonas, Pará), A. fenestrella, n. sp. (Costa Rica, Panamá), A. furcata Lima (Panamá, French Guiana, Brazil: Amazonas, Pará, Bahia, Espírito Santo), A. fuscata, n. sp. (Perú), A. isolata, n. sp. (Ecuador, Brazil: Amazonas), A. jamaicensis, n. sp. (Jamaica), A. lambda Hendel (Perú), A. miza, n. sp. (Venezuela), A. nigra, n. sp. (Panamá), A. nigrifascia Stone (Bahamas, USA: Florida), A. nigrivittata, n. sp. (Guyana), A. partita, n. sp. (“Amazon”), A. phaeoptera Lima (Brazil: Bahia, Rio Grande do Sul), A. pittieri Caraballo (Panamá, Venezuela), A. pseudorobusta, n. sp. (Perú, Trinidad, Venezuela), A. rafaeli, n. sp. (Brazil: Roraima, Venezuela), A. robusta Greene (México to Panamá), A. rojasi, n. sp. (Costa Rica, Panamá), A. simulans Zucchi (Brazil: Paraná, São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro), and A. speciosa Stone (Panamá). Moutabea longifolia is recorded as a host plant of A. rojasi, the first host record for Anastrepha species from the plant family Polygalaceae. The larvae feed on the seeds within the fruit. A key to the species and descriptions and illustrations for each species are provided, and their possible relationships are discussed.