"Pericarditis Acute pericarditis is a common disease, most often idiopathic or viral. This is usually a mild condition but recurrences are frequent. The predominant pathophysiological hypothesis is that of underlying dysimmune disorders, involving an inflammatory response of the innate immune system typical of "autoinflammatory diseases", mainly mediated by interleukin-1 [IL-1] with activation of inflammasome; and an adaptive immune system response, typical of «autoimmune diseases», primarily mediated by autoantibodies and autoreactive T cells. The clinical picture associates fever, chest pain, changes in the electrocardiogram and possible pericardial effusion. Treatment is based on the combination of aspirin/nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and colchicine for several weeks. In refractory pericarditis, low dose corticosteroid therapy and / or immunosuppressive agents have been proposed with limited efficacy. Growing evidency suggest a place for IL-1 receptor antagonists in the treatment of recurrent pericarditis. Many studies have shown the effectiveness of anakinra with a good safety profile. Other IL-1 receptor antagonists have shown promising results (canakinumab, rilonacept). Further evaluation in larger prospective clinical trials is needed to confirm the long-term efficacy and safety of anti-IL1."