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Efecto de los contenidos de C, Mn y Si en el comportamiento a fluencia en caliente de aceros de construcción al carbono y microaleados: aplicación a la obtención de grano ultrafino en productos largos laminados

Authors: Varela Castro, Gonzalo;

Efecto de los contenidos de C, Mn y Si en el comportamiento a fluencia en caliente de aceros de construcción al carbono y microaleados: aplicación a la obtención de grano ultrafino en productos largos laminados

Abstract

Després d’aplicar alguns tractaments d’elaboració i conservació als aliments, queden bacteris lesionats. Aquests bacteris perden la capacitat de créixer en els medis de cultiu selectiu convencionals, de manera que se’n subestima el recompte. Malgrat això, poden recuperar-se als aliments i suposar un risc per la salut, ja que alguns encara poden mantenir activitat metabòlica i integritat estructural. En aquest projecte, es van optimitzar protocols de preparació de mostres per citometria de flux (CF) per avaluar l’estat fisiològic de patògens alimentaris (Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella Enteritidis i Listeria monocytogenes) sotmesos a estrès. Es van estudiar principalment dos paràmetres fisiològics: la integritat de membrana, mitjançant iodur de propidi i fluorocroms de la família SYTO; i l’activitat respiratòria, per la reducció intracel•lular d’una sal de tetrazole, el CTC. En primer lloc, es van avaluar variables de protocol, com la concentració de colorant, la ràtio entre colorants, la solució de tinció i el temps d’incubació, en mostres control (cèl•lules sanes i mortes). A continuació, els protocols optimitzats es van aplicar a suspensions bacterianes en medi de cultiu que prèviament havien estat sotmeses a estressos físics i fisicoquímics. Durant l’etapa final del projecte, els coneixements adquirits sobre la preparació de mostres per CF es van aplicar a l’anàlisi de mostres de matriu complexa: amanides comercials inoculades amb E. coli O157:H7. Als assajos amb indicadors d’integritat de membrana en suspensions bacterianes sotmeses a estrès, es van poder quantificar cèl•lules amb la membrana parcialment danyada (presumptes cèl•lules lesionades). El recompte de cèl•lules que mantingueren l’activitat respiratòria després de ser sotmeses a estrès va ser superior al que es va obtenir mitjançant recompte en placa convencional, cosa que va evidenciar la presència de cèl•lules actives però no cultivables. La introducció d’estratègies per reduir les interferències provocades per les partícules alimentàries i l’ús d’un anticòs amb marcatge fluorescent va permetre detectar selectivament les cèl•lules d’E. coli O157:H7 i avaluar-ne la integritat de membrana simultàniament. L’anàlisi de cèl•lules bacterianes per CF requereix de la exhaustiva optimització dels protocols, que són específics per cada soca i matriu. Malgrat això, i a diferència del mètode convencional per recompte en placa, ofereix la possibilitat d’obtenir una gran quantitat d’informació sobre el sovint complex estat fisiològic d’una mostra.

Food processing and preservation can render injured microorganisms. Such cells lose their ability to grow on conventional selective media and counts are thus underestimated. However, they can recover in food and pose a hazard to health, as they may still retain metabolic activity and structural integrity. In this project, sample preparation protocols were optimised to assess the physiological state of stress-exposed food-borne pathogens, i.e. Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella Enteritidis, and Listeria monocytogenes, by flow cytometry (FCM). Two physiological parameters were mainly studied: membrane integrity, using propidium iodide and SYTO dyes; and respiratory activity, by the intracellular reduction of a tetrazolium salt (CTC). Protocol variables such as dye concentration, dye ratio, staining buffer, and incubation time were first assayed with control samples (healthy or dead cells). Optimised protocols were then assayed with pure bacterial suspensions in culture medium previously exposed to physical and physicochemical stresses. For the last stage of the project, knowledge gained on FCM sample preparation was used for the analysis of complex matrix samples consisting in E. coli O157:H7-spiked ready-to-eat salads. Membrane integrity studies allowed us to enumerate the cells with partially damaged membranes (putative injured cells) in stress-exposed samples. Cell counts with retained respiratory activity after stress exposure were higher than those obtained by conventional plating, which proved the presence of active but non-culturable cells. Strategies to reduce the interference from food particles and the use of a fluorescently labelled antibody allowed the detection and simultaneous membrane integrity assessment of this pathogen inoculated into a salad. Bacterial cell analysis by FCM requires extensive protocol optimisation according to the specific strain and matrix. Nevertheless, unlike the conventional plating method, it offers the possibility to rapidly obtain large amounts of quantitative data about the complex physiological status of a sample.

Country
Spain
Keywords

Acer -- Tractament tèrmic, Acer de construcció -- Ductilitat

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
Average
Green