
handle: 1822/50800
There is an increasing interest in thin and flexible energy storage devices to meet modern society needs in applications such as radio frequency sensing, interactive packaging and other consumer products. Printed batteries satisfy these requirements and can also be an excellent alternative to conventional batteries for many applications. The interest in printed batteries is related to the fact of being thin, flexible and with simple integration into devices, associated to low production costs. The manufacturing of printed batteries is not simple and requires the ink formulation to be optimized for each printing technique. The ink formulation of the different materials needed for developing printed batteries has been little explored for the development of energy storage systems. Several works have been focusing on the development of inks for cathodes and anodes, the separator being still one of the larger challenges requiring strong research efforts. The objective of this work is to produce battery separators based on poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropene), P(VdF-HFP), and poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-chlorotrifluoroethylene), P(VdF-CTFE), due to its low crystallinity and high melting temperature, that can be formulated as suitable inks. For the battery separator, it is intended to establish a correlation between processing conditions, morphology, physico-chemical properties and battery performance. In relation to the inks for the cathodes, the objective was to produce new inks based on LiFePO4 for screen-printing of batteries. Finally, inks for the anode were also formulated based on graphite. Thus, the microstructure of P(VdF-HFP) and P(VdF-CTFE) membranes obtained from solution was evaluated as a function of polymer concentration and solvent evaporation temperature. The formation of a porous membrane is attributed to a liquid-liquid phase separation process. For P(VdF-HFP) and P(VdF-CTFE) membranes, the β-phase content, thermal, mechanical, dielectric and piezoelectric properties were evaluated and strongly depend on the initial polymer concentration and solvent evaporation temperature. Cycling tests performed on Li/Sn-C and Li/LiFePO4 half-cells based on P(VdF-HFP) polymer electrolyte membranes evidenced nominal capacities ranging from 70% to 90% of the theoretical value with very good capacity retention and charge/discharge efficiency close to 100%, even at high current rates, and 100% of deep of discharge (DoD). In relation to P(VdF-CTFE) membranes, the best ionic conductivity value at room temperature is 1.5 mS.cm-1 for the membranes prepared with 20 wt.% initial copolymer concentration and solvent evaporation temperature at 25 ℃, leading to a degree of porosity of 60% and an electrolyte uptake value of 292%. The prepared P(VdF-CTFE) separator membranes show good cyclability and rate capability. At C/10 and 2C discharge values of 168 and 102 mA.h.g-1, respectively, are obtained. The ink for C-LiFePO4 based cathodes presents a delivered capacity value of 81 mA.h.g-1 after 50 cycles at 2C (charge and/or discharge process in half an hour) and with coloumbic efficiency of 100%. With respect to the anode, the discharge capacity values at C/6 and 2C are 152 and 32 mA.h.g-1, showing their suitability for printed anodes. Thus, the developed materials for battery separators, cathodes and anodes show suitable characteristics for the development of screen printable lithium-ion batteries.
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