Over the years, numerous studies have investigated the mechanisms controlling nutrient availability and metabolism in the mammary gland and how dietary interventions can influence these processes. The development of in vivo and in vitro systems made it possible to explore the trafficking and metabolic fate of nutrients and how these are influenced by hormones. To improve the quality and safety of milk products, attention has focused on improving animal health in general and mammary gland health in particular and also on enhancing the milk content of natural bioactive milk components that promote the health of human neonates and adults. In the past, attempts to probe the relationship among nutrition, animal health, and animal products were limited to administering single dietary components and investigating their biochemical and metabolic effects. Today, we have genomics, proteomics, and related technologies that allow us to pursue more holistic investigational strategies. These new technologies are providing new insights into interactions among nutrition, lactation, and product quality. The aim of this paper is to review advances in nutritional support of mammary gland function and health as presented in 14 yr of Biology of Lactation in Farm Animals (BOLFA) meetings.