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Türkiye`de Yahudi aydınları

Authors: Çoban, Melih;

Türkiye`de Yahudi aydınları

Abstract

A phenomenon observed within the rise of nation-states in Europe is the emergence of intellectuals in a modern sense. Intellectuals undertake functions whereby they represent and guide the societies they live within and enable the adaptation of these societies to the changing social and political conditions. In this study, these functions of intellectuals have been attempted to be analysed by taking the Jewish intellectuals in Turkey as a model. In this context, the activities of Jewish intellectuals in Turkey towards their community have been examined within the political and social factors which shape them. This is a quantitative study based on the literary works by these intellectuals and interviews held with the leading intellectuals of today?s Turkish Jewish community. It is possible to summarize the findings of this study as follows. The emergence of intellectuals in Turkey in a modern sense dates back to the latest decades of the Ottoman Empire. The ultimate aim of the first generation Jewish intellectuals who were a part of this intellectual group, was the social and economic survival of the Jewish community within the empire which was at the edge of a downfall due to political developments at the internal and external levels. The policies of building a national bourgeoisie and Turkification of minorities which were employed in the early decades of the Turkish Republic founded after the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, had negative effects on the Jewish community. In this process Jewish intellectuals, while orienting their community towards Turkification, also used certain themes in order to acquire a social acceptance for the Jewish community in the eyes of the general public and the authorities of the new nation-state. These themes are namely that Jews have been loyal to the Turks throughout history, that Jews owe a graditude towards the Turks; and that Jews proved to be useful for the Turks in certain aspects. These themes have been re-used by the second generation intellectuals of the Jewish community especially after the 1980?s and in addition to that, community leadership and intellectuals have initiated lobby activities in favor of Turkey in the arena of foreign politics. By means of such initiatives in this period which marked the rise of antisemitism throughout the world, it?s been aimed to overcome possible reactions towards the Jewish community by the outer group and to ensure the social and economic existence of the community. In the same period, another group of intellectuals within the Jewish community critical of this strategy has emerged. The conflict between the intellectuals who carry on the traditions of the first generation intellectuals and this critical group has been continuing.

Avrupa'da ulus devletlerin kurulmaya başlamasıyla beraber gözlenen bir olgu modern anlamda aydınların ortaya çıkmasıdır. Aydınlar içinde yaşadıkları toplumu temsil edici, yönlendirici ve değişen sosyal ve siyasi koşullara adapte olmalarını kolaylaştırıcı işlevler üstlenmektedir. Bu çalışmada aydınların söz konusu işlevleri Türkiye Yahudi cemaatine mensup aydınlar model alınarak analiz edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Bu bağlamda Türkiye'deki Yahudi aydınlarının cemaatlerine yönelik faaliyetleri, bu faaliyetleri şekillendiren toplumsal ve siyasi etkenler dahilinde incelenmiştir. Bu çalışma sözkonusu aydınların yazılı eserlerine ve günümüzde Yahudi cemaatinin önde gelen aydınlarıyla yapılmış olan görüşmelere dayanan niteliksel bir çalışmadır. Bu çalışmada elde edilen bulguları şu şekilde özetlemek mümkündür. Türkiye'de modern anlamda aydınların ortaya çıkışı Osmanlı Devleti'nin son dönemlerine tekabül etmektedir. Bu dönemdeki söz konusu aydın kitlenin içinde yer alan birinci kuşak Yahudi aydınlarının en temel amaçları cemaatlerinin, iç ve dış siyasi gelişmelere bağlı olarak çöküşün eşiğinde olan imparatorlukta sosyal ve ekonomik varlıklarını sürdürebilmeleri olmuştur. Osmanlı Devleti'nin sona ermesinin ardından kurulan Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'nin erken dönemlerinde uygulanan ulusal burjuvazi yaratma ve azınlıklara yönelik Türkleştirme politikaları Yahudi cemaatini olumsuz etkilemiştir. Bu süreçte Yahudi aydınları yaptıkları çalışmalarla ait oldukları cemaati Türkleşmeye yönlendirirken bir yandan da Yahudilerin yeni ulus-devlette toplum ve resmi makamlar nezdinde sosyal kabul görmesi amacıyla çeşitli temalar kullanmışlardır. Söz konusu temalar Yahudilerin tarih boyunca Türklere sadık kaldığı, Türklere minnet borçlu olduğu ve çeşitli açılardan Türklere faydalı olduklarıdır. Bu temalar özellikle seksenli yıllardan itibaren cemaatin ikinci kuşak aydınları tarafından da kullanılmaya başlamış ve buna ilaveten cemaat yönetimi ve aydınları Türkiye yararına dış politika alanında lobi çalışmalarına başlamışlardır. Dünyada antisemitizmin yükselişte olduğu bu dönemde bu çalışmalar sayesinde Yahudi cemaatine topluluk dışından gelebilecek tepkilerin önüne geçilmesi ve cemaatin iktisadi ve sosyal varlığını sorunsuz biçimde sürdürebilmesi hedeflenmiştir. Aynı dönemde cemaat içinde bu stratejiyi eleştiren bir başka aydın grubu ortaya çıkmıştır. Birinci kuşak aydınların geleneklerini sürdüren aydınlar ve onları eleştiren grup arasındaki çekişme halen sürekliliğini korumaktadır.

293

Country
Turkey
Related Organizations
Keywords

Türkiye, Siyasal Bilimler, Turkey, Political Science, Jews, Yahudiler, Yahudilik, Aydınlar, Intellectuals

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
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Average
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