This paper provides a reflection on the literature regarding the identification of the neural correlates of the Self. After a brief paragraph where the reader is introduced to some basic notions of neuropsychological research, the focus is shifted to the description of a cohort of brain diseases that lead to alterations of an individual’s state of consciousness. The inferences drawn by these observations can be further explored through functional neuroimaging studies. Overall, the integration of data coming from the analysis of pathological conditions, states of altered consciousness and neuroimaging studies allow researches to draw interesting conclusions about the anatomo-functional underpinnings of personal identity.