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Brage NMBU
Master thesis . 2015
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Undersøkelse av virusfjerning i modning- og gjennombruddsperiodene i et pilotskala to-media sandfilter for drikkevann

Authors: Anne, Willumsen;

Undersøkelse av virusfjerning i modning- og gjennombruddsperiodene i et pilotskala to-media sandfilter for drikkevann

Abstract

Det er omtrent 2 millioner av befolkningen i Norge, som forsynes med drikkevann som har blitt behandlet i et koagulering- og filtreringsanlegg (Myrstad et al. 2015). Det er behov for bedre dokumentasjon av virusfjerning i denne type anlegg, spesielt i modning- og gjennombruddsperiodene i filtersyklusen. I drikkevannsforskriften (2001) er det krav om til sammen to hygieniske barrierer i vannforsyningssystemet. En hygienisk barriere er definert i veilederen til drikkevannsforskriften som en fysisk eller kjemisk hindring som gir 3 log-fjerning av bakterier og virus, og 2 log-fjerning av parasitter. Det vil si at to barrierer til sammen må utgjøre 6b + 6v + 4p log-fjerning (Mattilsynet 2011). Virusfjerning ble undersøkt i et pilotskala to-media kontaktfiltreringssystem. Filteret bestod av FILTRALITE® NC (0,8 – 1,6 mm) og Rådasand® (0,4 – 0,8 mm). Råvann fra Glomma ble tilsatt 1,1 - 1,2 mg Al/l (PAX-18, Kemira Chemicals AS). I forsøkene ble bakteriofagen Salmonella typhimurium 28B (Lilleengen 1948) brukt som virusindikator. Denne bakteriofagen infiserer bakterien Salmonella typhimurium type 5 og formeres i bakteriecellen. S.t. 28B ble kvantifisert ved plakk-analyse. Det ble kjørt to forsøksrunder. I den stabile perioden (turbiditet < 0,2 FNU) under 2. forsøk var virusreduksjonen ca. 3 log. I modningsperioden var den minste reduksjonen ca. 0,8 log (1. forsøk) og 1,6 log (2. forsøk). Under gjennombruddsperioden i 2. forsøk var reduksjonen på det dårligste 1,5 log. Det foregikk en reduksjon i konsentrasjon av S.t. 28B i vannprøvene ved oppbevaring. Hovedårsaken til dette var trolig innholdet av rest-koagulant i vannprøvene. Hvis dette var tilfelle, kan det hende at beregnet renseeffekt var overestimert. Utløpsturbiditet er den mest brukte parameteren ved vurdering av renseeffekt i koagulering- og filtreringsanlegg. I dette forsøket samsvarte ikke utløpsturbiditet og utløpskonsentrasjon av S.t. 28B, selv om det var en viss sammenheng. Utløpsturbiditet (< 0,2 FNU) kan ikke gi noen garanti for at det rensede vannet er fritt for virus, spesielt ikke i overgangene mellom de ulike fasene i filtersyklusen. ABSTRACT There are about 2 million people in Norway, who are supplied with drinking water that has been treated in a coagulation and filtration plant (Myrstad et al. 2015). Better documentation for virus removal for this kind of plant is needed, especially in the ripening and breakthrough phases of the filter cycle. In the Norwegian drinking water regulation (Drikkevannsforskriften 2001) it is a requirement that there are, in total, two hygienic barriers in the water supply system. A hygienic barrier is a physical or chemical barrier that provides 3-log removal of bacteria and viruses, and 2-log removal of parasites, as described in the guidelines for the drinking water regulations. This means that two barriers constitute 6b + 6v + 4p -log removal (Mattilsynet 2011). Virus removal was investigated in a pilot-scale dual-media contact filtration system. The filter consisted of FILTRALITE® NC (0.8 – 1.6 mm) and Rådasand® (0.4 – 0.8 mm). PAX-18 was added (1.1 – 1.2 mg Al/l, Kemira Chemicals AS) to the raw water (Glomma). In the experiments, the bacteriophage Salmonella typhimurium phage 28B (Lilleengen 1948) was used as a virus indicator. This bacteriophage infects the bacteria Salmonella typhimurium type 5 and replicates in the bacterial cell. S.t. 28B was quantified by plaque assay. Two experiments were performed. During the stable operation (turbidity < 0.2 FNU) in the second experiment, the virus reduction was approximately 3-log. In the ripening phase, the lowest reduction was 0.8-log (1st experiment) and 1.6-log (2nd experiment). In the breakthrough phase (2nd experiment), the reduction was at its worst 1.5 log. There appeared to be a reduction in concentration of S.t. 28B in the water samples during storage. The main reason for this was probably the content of residual coagulant in the water samples. If this was true, the treatment efficiency may not have been as good as estimated. Turbidity in the outlet is the most common parameter in the assessment of the treatment efficiency in coagulation and filtration plants. In this experiment, the outlet turbidity and the concentration of viruses in the outlet did not match, although there was a certain correlation between them. The outlet turbidity (< 0.2 FNU) cannot give any guarantee that the treated water is free of viruses, especially during the transition between the various phases of the filter cycle.

M-VM

Country
Norway
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Keywords

VDP::Technology: 500::Building technology: 530::Hydrotechnology: 538, Kontaktfiltrering, Drikkevannsrensing, Virus

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
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Green