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Brage NMBU
Master thesis . 2020
Data sources: Brage NMBU
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Stående og induserbart fenolforsvar hos kulturplanter og naturlig foryngelse av gran (Picea abies)

Authors: Lomsdal, Maren;

Stående og induserbart fenolforsvar hos kulturplanter og naturlig foryngelse av gran (Picea abies)

Abstract

Regeneration is an important measure to insure sustainable forestry. Norway spruce (Picea abies) is mostly regenerated with nursery plants, which leads to increased forest production compared to natural regeneration. The pine weevil (Hylobius abietis) is a spruce pest that feeds on the lower part of the stem and can lead to damage and increased mortality the first years after planting. Natural regenerated spruce seem to be less attractive to the pine weevil than does nursery plants. Waxing of stems, application of insecticides and soil scarification are commonly used to protect spruce from pine weevil damage, but these treatments increase the regeneration cost. Another solution is to increase the plants own chemical defence and resistance to pests and pathogens. Plants have both constitutive and inducible chemical defences. Important spruce defence chemicals include phenolics and terpenes. The aim of this study was to compare constitutively produced defensive phenolics in bark of nursery plants and naturally regenerated Norway spruce. In addition, I investigated the inducibility of chemical defence by applying methyl jasmonate (MJ) and simulated browsing from weevils. 200 one-year old nursery spruce plants and 200 naturally regenerated spruce stood in relatively new clear cuts for one growing season, distributed in five blocks. The lower part of the plant stem was given one out of four different treatments: MJ-treatment, wounding, a combination of MJ and wounding, or control. I sampled bark and used HPLC to quantify the concentration of low molecular phenolics. Further, concentrations of condensed tannins, carbon and nitrogen was quantified. In addition, I registered damage and mortality by weevils. Bark of nursery plants had a higher concentration of phenolics than did bark of natural regenerated spruce, for all the analysed groups of phenolics (acetophenones, flavonoids, stilbenes and condensed tannins). Nursery plants are probably investing more resources in chemical defence due to environmental stress. These plants also had higher degree of damages because of weevils compared to natural regeneration, most likely due to higher attractivity. Combined treatment with MJ and wounding induced an increased concentration of flavonoids and condensed tannins, but not alone. The results in this study indicate that MJ-treatment together with wounding can induce the phenolic chemical defence in nursery spruce plants. This study contributes to increased knowledge of chemical defence in young conifers, especially for natural regeneration, and to find natural alternatives to insecticide plant protection.

Foryngelse er et viktig tiltak for å sikre bærekraftig forvaltning av skogen. Gran (Picea abies) forynges i hovedsak ved hjelp av foredlede planter som gir økt skogproduksjon sammenlignet med naturlig foryngelse. Gransnutebilla (Hylobius abietis) beiter på rothalsen til granplanter og kan føre til skader og økt avgang hos kulturforyngelse de første årene etter utplanting. Naturlig foryngelse virker å være mindre attraktiv for gransnutebilla enn kulturforyngelsen. Vanligvis beskyttes plantene mot snutebillegnag med voksbehandling, insekticider og markberedning, men dette gir en økt foryngelseskostnad. For å øke plantenes motstand mot skadegjørere kan det være aktuelt å øke plantenes eget kjemiske forsvar. Planter har både et stående og et induserbart forsvar, hvor de produserer kjemiske forsvarsstoffer til beskyttelse mot skadegjørere. Formålet med denne studien var å sammenligne det stående kjemiske forsvaret i bark, her i form av fenoler, hos kulturforyngelse av gran med naturlig foryngelse. I tillegg undersøkte jeg om fenolforsvaret ble indusert ved påføring av metyljasmonat (MJ) og simulert snutebillegnag. 200 ett år gamle kulturplanter og 200 naturlig foryngede granplanter sto en vekstsesong på relativt ferske hogstflater, fordelt på fem blokker. Nedre del av stammen hos hver plante fikk enten skadebehandling, MJ-behandling (50 mM MJ), en kombinasjon av skadebehandling og MJ-behandling, eller kontroll. Jeg samplet barkprøver og brukte HPLC for å kvantifisere konsentrasjonen av lavmolekylære fenoler, og kvantifiserte konsentrasjonen av kondenserte tanniner, karbon og nitrogen. I tillegg registrerte jeg skader og avgang på grunn av snutebiller. Bark på kulturforyngelse av gran hadde en høyere konsentrasjon av fenoler enn bark på naturlig foryngelse, for alle de undersøkte fenolgruppene (acetofenoner, flavonoider, stilbener og kondenserte tanniner). Kulturforyngelsen investerer antakelig mer ressurser i sitt kjemiske forsvar grunnet stress i omgivelsene. Kulturforyngelsens høye attraktivitet for snutebiller sammenlignet med den naturlige foryngelsen var antakelig grunnen til høyere skadegrad. MJ-behandlingen sammen med skadebehandlingen induserte økt konsentrasjon av flavonoider og kondenserte tanniner, men ikke hver for seg. Resultatene fra denne studien indikerer at MJ-behandling sammen med skadebehandling kan indusere det kjemiske forsvaret i form av fenoler hos kulturplanter av gran. Studien bidrar med økt kunnskap om det kjemiske forsvaret hos unge bartrær, særlig for naturlig foryngelse, og kan bidra til å finne naturlige alternativer til insekticider som plantebeskyttelse.

M-SF

Country
Norway
Related Organizations
Keywords

VDP::Mathematics and natural science: 400::Zoology and botany: 480::Ecology: 488, Gransnutebille, Kjemisk forsvar, VDP::Agriculture and fishery disciplines: 900::Agriculture disciplines: 910::Forestry: 915, Picea abies, Hylobius abietis, Chemical defence, VDP::Agriculture and fishery disciplines: 900::Agriculture disciplines: 910::Plant breeding, horticulture, plant protection, plant pathology: 911, Methyl jasmonate, Skading, Gran, Norway spruce, Metyljasmonat, Wounding

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
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