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Brage NMBU
Master thesis . 2018
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Economic feasibility analysis of microgrids in Norway : an application of HOMER Pro

Authors: Rendall, Christian Olsen;

Economic feasibility analysis of microgrids in Norway : an application of HOMER Pro

Abstract

For å undersøke lønnsomheten til microgrids i Norge, ble fire forskjellige systemkonfigurasjoner modellert og simulert i programvaren kalt HOMER Pro. Det modellerte systemet er et verksted på Ryen i Oslo, hvor vedlikehold på t-bane tog blir gjennomført. Det er godt egnet å bruke solcellepaneler kombinert med energilagring i batteri, da taket på to bygninger på Ryen er egnet for montering av solcellepaneler. Bygningene på Ryen bruker mye energi til oppvarming, ved hjelp av en elektrisk kjele på 2 MW. Dermed er det gode muligheter til å senke energi- og strømforbruket ved å bruke fornybare ressurser. Modellene laget i HOMER Pro og deres inputvariabler presenteres på en måte slik at andre kan lage de samme modellene og gjøre simuleringene for å få de samme resultatene. Fire forskjellige modeller ble opprettet og simulert; en basismodell som simulerer konfigurasjonen på Ryen i dag, en modell bestående av solceller, en modell bestående av batterilagrinssystemer for å redusere effektforbruket og en mikrogridmodell med både solceller og batterilagrinssystemer. Det er også utført en følsomhetsanalyse, da enkelte variabler har en viss grad av usikkerhet. Den økonomiske egnetheten for hvert system ble bestemt ved å sammenligne nåverdien, også kalt livssykluskostnad, for hvert system mot nåverdien til basekonfigurasjonen. Simuleringsresultatene viste at basekonfigurasjonen hadde en nåverdi på 172 millioner kr. Solcellemodellen, modellen med batterilagring for effektutjevning og mikrogridmodellen fikk en nåverdi på henholdsvis 184, 178 og 190 millioner kr. Dette resulterte i en nåverdidifferanse for hvert system på henholdsvis -12, -6.0 og -18 millioner kr for solcelleanlegget, batterilagringssystemet og mikrogridkonfigurasjonen. Dermed er de tre simulerte systemkonfigurasjonene ikke økonomisk egnet på Ryen ifølge simuleringene, da alle tre ga en negativ nåverdidifferanse, dvs. en høyere nåverdi. Følsomhetsanalysen viste at investeringskostnadene til solcelle- og batterilag- ringssystemene hadde en liten effekt på total nåverdi. Dette kan tyde på at investeringskostnadene for solceller er høye sammenlignet med lave energikostnader om sommeren, når solcelleanleggene produserer mest energi. Det ble observert at det ikke var økonomisk hensiktsmessig for batterilagringssystemet å lagre overskuddsenergi produsert av solcellesystemene, fordi den høye erstatningskostnaden og kort levetid for batteriene bidro til en høy batterislitasjekostnad ved utladning. Ifølge resultatene fra simuleringene er en mikrogridskonfigurasjon bestående av solceller og batterilagring kanskje ikke økonomisk hensiktsmessig i Norge, med mindre kostnadene for energi (spesielt om sommeren) eller effekttariffen skulle øke, og/eller investeringskostnaden for batteriet og solcellepanelene skulle synke.

To investigate the profitability of microgrids in Norway, four different system configurations was modelled and simulated in the software called Homer Pro. The modelled case is a workshop at Ryen in Oslo, where maintenance on underground trains are being performed. It was suitable to use solar photovoltaics (PVs) paired with battery energy storage systems (BESSs), as the rooftop of two buildings at Ryen are suitable for installing solar PVs. The buildings at Ryen use a lot of energy for heating purposes, using an electrical boiler rated to 2 MW. Thus, there is great possibilities of lowering the energy and power consumption costs using renewable resources. The models created in Homer Pro and their input variables are presented in a way so others can create the same models and do the simulations to get the same results. A total of four different models was created and simulated; a base model to simulate the configuration at Ryen today, a model consisting of solar PVs, a model consisting of BESSs for peak shaving and a microgrid model with both solar PVs and BESSs. There is also performed a sensitivity analysis, as some model input variables have some degree of uncertainty. The level of economic feasibility of each system was determined by comparing the net present cost (NPC) (also called life cycle cost) of each system to the NPC of the base system. The simulation results showed that the base configuration got an NPC of 172 million kr. The solar PV, peak shaving and microgrid model got an NPC of 184, 178 and 190 million kr, respectively. This resulted in a present worth of each system of -12, -6.0 and -18 million kr for the solar PV systems, BESS unit and microgrid configuration, respectively. Thus, the three simulated system configurations were not economically feasible at Ryen according to the simulation results, considering all three provided a negative present worth, i.e. a higher NPC. The sensitivity analysis showed that the investment cost of the solar PV systems and BESS had a small effect on the total NPC. This may indicate that the investment cost of solar PVs is too high, compared to the low cost of energy in the summer, when the solar PV systems produce most energy. It was observed that it was not economically feasible for the BESS to store surplus energy produced by the solar PV systems, because the high replacement cost and short life time of the batteries contributed to a high battery wear cost when discharging. A microgrid configuration consisting of solar PVs and battery energy storage might not be feasible in Norway, based on the simulation results, unless the cost of energy (especially during summer) or demand charge were to increase, and/or the investment cost of battery and solar PV technology were to decrease.

M-MF

Country
Norway
Related Organizations
Keywords

Photovoltaics, VDP::Teknologi: 500, Energy storage, HOMER, COWI, BESS

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
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