Cambodia
Cambodia
Cambodia is one of the world's most open economies, sustaining high levels of growth in an environment of relatively weak governance. Emerging from a legacy of genocide and civil conflict, the country has sought to address human and social capital deficits across sectors, weaknesses in public finance, and corruption. Despite improvements in access to basic services, governance constraints persist and may threaten gains from economic integration. Over the 2004-10 period, the Bank's engagement on Governance and Anticorruption (GAC) issues in Cambodia was not defined by a single, overarching priority or entry point (such as core public sector management, natural resource management, or service delivery). Rather, the Bank was opportunistic, opting to support the government's GAC efforts across multiple sectors and institutions. The relevance of this opportunistic approach is judged to be moderately relevant. The Bank's objectives on public financial management (PFM) were highly relevant given Cambodia's nontransparent and weak public expenditure management and limited capacity. The Bank's response to sectoral governance weaknesses such as red tape, inefficiencies, and other forms of rent-seeking in customs is rated modest given the need for the government to implement its World Trade Organization commitments. The Bank's project level engagement is rated as moderately relevant. As a basis for reinstating suspended projects, portfolio-wide measures included the use of an Independent Procurement Agency (IPA) for the International Development Association (IDA) procurements, and the implementation of Good Governance Frameworks (GGF) for all IDA projects.
- World Bank United States
COMPETITIVE BIDDING, INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS, POLICY UNCERTAINTY, PRESIDENCY, INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT, EXTERNALITIES, EMPLOYMENT, INSTITUTIONAL REFORM, PEER REVIEW, PRESIDENTS, FINANCIAL INTERMEDIATION, INTERNATIONAL ACCOUNTING STANDARDS, NATIONAL LEVEL, BRIBE, MUNICIPALITIES, GOVERNANCE ENVIRONMENT, ASSET DECLARATIONS, COUNCIL OF MINISTERS, FRAUD, PUBLIC SPENDING, SOCIAL SERVICES, TRIAL, ACCOUNTING STANDARDS, CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATION, TRANSPARENCY, SERVICE DELIVERY, INSTITUTIONAL CHANGE, PRIME MINISTER, DECONCENTRATION, FIGHTING CORRUPTION, BASIC SERVICE, DEPOSITS, PUBLIC SERVICES, PATRONAGE, INTERNATIONAL FINANCE, SENATE, PUBLIC FINANCE SYSTEM, ASSET MANAGEMENT, DISTRICTS, PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS, GRAFT, ECONOMIC COOPERATION, MINISTER, PROSECUTION, WORLDWIDE GOVERNANCE INDICATORS, PARLIAMENT, FINANCIAL SERVICES, FINANCIAL CONSTRAINTS, DISCRETION, AUDITOR, DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE, COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY, AUDITS, WHISTLE-BLOWERS, LOBBYING, CITIZENS, EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION, PUBLIC EXPENDITURE MANAGEMENT, BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT, PARTY AFFILIATION, POLITICAL ECONOMY, CONSOLIDATION, LOCAL GOVERNANCE, LOCAL GOVERNMENT, GOVERNMENT INSTITUTIONS, DECENTRALIZATION, POLICE, YOUTH, ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEMS, PUBLIC RESOURCES, TAX ARREARS, CHAMBER OF COMMERCE, CONFIDENCE, INITIATIVE, COMMUNITY DRIVEN DEVELOPMENT, GOOD GOVERNANCE, COMMERCIAL LAWS, UNION, EXECUTION, HUMAN CAPACITY, ASSISTANCE ORGANIZATION, LOAN, PUBLIC FINANCE, POOR GOVERNANCE, DEVELOPMENT BANK, ANTICORRUPTION, TRANSPORT, LAWS, SOCIAL CAPITAL, BUREAUCRATIC POLITICS, PUBLIC INVESTMENT, MONEY LAUNDERING, PUBLIC EXPENDITURE, LEADERSHIP, INSTITUTIONAL PERFORMANCE, ACCOUNTABILITY, ANTICORRUPTION EFFORTS, ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE, PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL, TAX RATES, PUBLIC SERVICE, INTERNAL AUDIT, BANKING SYSTEM, OPERATIONAL RISK, TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE, COUNCILS, GOVERNMENT AGENCY, FINANCIAL SECTOR, FOREIGN ENTITIES, PUBLIC MANAGEMENT, CIVIL SOCIETY, TERRORISM, PRODUCTIVITY, NATIONS, RESOURCE ALLOCATION, FINANCIAL CRISIS, GOVERNANCE PERFORMANCE, RED TAPE, TRADE FACILITATION, CRIME, ANTI-MONEY LAUNDERING, INTEGRITY, RISK MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS, PUBLIC SECTOR GOVERNANCE, AUDITING, ASSETS, PUBLIC SECTOR MANAGEMENT, PROCUREMENT, CONFLICTS OF INTEREST, RISK MANAGEMENT, SANCTIONS, REHABILITATION, COLLUSION, DEMOCRATIC DEVELOPMENT, 330, PRIMARY EDUCATION, CORRUPT, BORROWER, GOVERNANCE CONSTRAINTS, FISCAL PRESSURES, MULTILATERAL DEVELOPMENT BANKS, BUSINESS ASSOCIATIONS, GOVERNANCE INDICATORS, WAGES, POLITICAL UNCERTAINTY, COLLECTIVE ACTION, LABOR MARKET, CIVIL SERVICE, INFLUENCE PEDDLING, EARLY CHILDHOOD, PUBLIC SECTOR, ENTERPRISE SURVEYS, BANKING SECTOR, INFORMAL PAYMENTS, EXECUTING AGENCIES, NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS, PUBLIC OPINION, GOVERNMENT AGENCIES, INSTITUTION BUILDING, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT, INVESTIGATION, DISCLOSURE, AUTHORITY, FINANCING CONSTRAINTS, COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION, INVESTMENT CLIMATE, MINISTERS, STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT, GOVERNANCE ISSUES, IMPROVING GOVERNANCE, DEFICITS, DECREE, POLITICAL INTERFERENCE, CORRUPT PRACTICES, ACCOUNTING, GOVERNMENT EFFECTIVENESS, INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, ADMINISTRATIVE REFORM, HUMAN CAPITAL, CORRUPT ACTS, CURRENT EXPENDITURES, HUMAN RESOURCES, BUREAUCRACY, LEGAL REFORM, INTERNATIONAL BANK, CIVIL SERVICE REFORMS, COMPLAINTS, ANTI-CORRUPTION, COUNTRY DATA, AUTONOMOUS AGENCY, PRIVATE SECTOR DEVELOPMENT, PRIMARY SCHOOL, GLOBAL INITIATIVES, DOMESTIC INVESTORS, BIDDING, MATCHING GRANTS, ANTICORRUPTION ISSUES, ADB, SOCIAL SECTORS, TAX ADMINISTRATION, REFUGEES, ANTICORRUPTION LAW, GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS, ETHICS, EXPENDITURE, GOVERNANCE CHALLENGE, OPERATING COSTS
COMPETITIVE BIDDING, INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS, POLICY UNCERTAINTY, PRESIDENCY, INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT, EXTERNALITIES, EMPLOYMENT, INSTITUTIONAL REFORM, PEER REVIEW, PRESIDENTS, FINANCIAL INTERMEDIATION, INTERNATIONAL ACCOUNTING STANDARDS, NATIONAL LEVEL, BRIBE, MUNICIPALITIES, GOVERNANCE ENVIRONMENT, ASSET DECLARATIONS, COUNCIL OF MINISTERS, FRAUD, PUBLIC SPENDING, SOCIAL SERVICES, TRIAL, ACCOUNTING STANDARDS, CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATION, TRANSPARENCY, SERVICE DELIVERY, INSTITUTIONAL CHANGE, PRIME MINISTER, DECONCENTRATION, FIGHTING CORRUPTION, BASIC SERVICE, DEPOSITS, PUBLIC SERVICES, PATRONAGE, INTERNATIONAL FINANCE, SENATE, PUBLIC FINANCE SYSTEM, ASSET MANAGEMENT, DISTRICTS, PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS, GRAFT, ECONOMIC COOPERATION, MINISTER, PROSECUTION, WORLDWIDE GOVERNANCE INDICATORS, PARLIAMENT, FINANCIAL SERVICES, FINANCIAL CONSTRAINTS, DISCRETION, AUDITOR, DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE, COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY, AUDITS, WHISTLE-BLOWERS, LOBBYING, CITIZENS, EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION, PUBLIC EXPENDITURE MANAGEMENT, BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT, PARTY AFFILIATION, POLITICAL ECONOMY, CONSOLIDATION, LOCAL GOVERNANCE, LOCAL GOVERNMENT, GOVERNMENT INSTITUTIONS, DECENTRALIZATION, POLICE, YOUTH, ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEMS, PUBLIC RESOURCES, TAX ARREARS, CHAMBER OF COMMERCE, CONFIDENCE, INITIATIVE, COMMUNITY DRIVEN DEVELOPMENT, GOOD GOVERNANCE, COMMERCIAL LAWS, UNION, EXECUTION, HUMAN CAPACITY, ASSISTANCE ORGANIZATION, LOAN, PUBLIC FINANCE, POOR GOVERNANCE, DEVELOPMENT BANK, ANTICORRUPTION, TRANSPORT, LAWS, SOCIAL CAPITAL, BUREAUCRATIC POLITICS, PUBLIC INVESTMENT, MONEY LAUNDERING, PUBLIC EXPENDITURE, LEADERSHIP, INSTITUTIONAL PERFORMANCE, ACCOUNTABILITY, ANTICORRUPTION EFFORTS, ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE, PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL, TAX RATES, PUBLIC SERVICE, INTERNAL AUDIT, BANKING SYSTEM, OPERATIONAL RISK, TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE, COUNCILS, GOVERNMENT AGENCY, FINANCIAL SECTOR, FOREIGN ENTITIES, PUBLIC MANAGEMENT, CIVIL SOCIETY, TERRORISM, PRODUCTIVITY, NATIONS, RESOURCE ALLOCATION, FINANCIAL CRISIS, GOVERNANCE PERFORMANCE, RED TAPE, TRADE FACILITATION, CRIME, ANTI-MONEY LAUNDERING, INTEGRITY, RISK MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS, PUBLIC SECTOR GOVERNANCE, AUDITING, ASSETS, PUBLIC SECTOR MANAGEMENT, PROCUREMENT, CONFLICTS OF INTEREST, RISK MANAGEMENT, SANCTIONS, REHABILITATION, COLLUSION, DEMOCRATIC DEVELOPMENT, 330, PRIMARY EDUCATION, CORRUPT, BORROWER, GOVERNANCE CONSTRAINTS, FISCAL PRESSURES, MULTILATERAL DEVELOPMENT BANKS, BUSINESS ASSOCIATIONS, GOVERNANCE INDICATORS, WAGES, POLITICAL UNCERTAINTY, COLLECTIVE ACTION, LABOR MARKET, CIVIL SERVICE, INFLUENCE PEDDLING, EARLY CHILDHOOD, PUBLIC SECTOR, ENTERPRISE SURVEYS, BANKING SECTOR, INFORMAL PAYMENTS, EXECUTING AGENCIES, NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS, PUBLIC OPINION, GOVERNMENT AGENCIES, INSTITUTION BUILDING, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT, INVESTIGATION, DISCLOSURE, AUTHORITY, FINANCING CONSTRAINTS, COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION, INVESTMENT CLIMATE, MINISTERS, STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT, GOVERNANCE ISSUES, IMPROVING GOVERNANCE, DEFICITS, DECREE, POLITICAL INTERFERENCE, CORRUPT PRACTICES, ACCOUNTING, GOVERNMENT EFFECTIVENESS, INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, ADMINISTRATIVE REFORM, HUMAN CAPITAL, CORRUPT ACTS, CURRENT EXPENDITURES, HUMAN RESOURCES, BUREAUCRACY, LEGAL REFORM, INTERNATIONAL BANK, CIVIL SERVICE REFORMS, COMPLAINTS, ANTI-CORRUPTION, COUNTRY DATA, AUTONOMOUS AGENCY, PRIVATE SECTOR DEVELOPMENT, PRIMARY SCHOOL, GLOBAL INITIATIVES, DOMESTIC INVESTORS, BIDDING, MATCHING GRANTS, ANTICORRUPTION ISSUES, ADB, SOCIAL SECTORS, TAX ADMINISTRATION, REFUGEES, ANTICORRUPTION LAW, GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS, ETHICS, EXPENDITURE, GOVERNANCE CHALLENGE, OPERATING COSTS
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