Secondary Vocational Education
Secondary Vocational Education
According to UNESCO, roughly 120 countries provide some form of technical or vocational secondary education, as distinct from a purely generalist curriculum. An overview of each administration’s secondary vocational education provision is given below under sub-headings suggested by the Terms of Reference (ToR) for this study. The information was gathered through a review of available literature. This varied from administration to administration both in terms of its coverage and of its quality. As a result, the information on each administration is somewhat diverse. This is particularly the case for objective evaluations of administrations’ systems. The report ends by posing nine questions for the Government of India to consider when planning the introduction of vocational education to secondary schools: (i) what is the place of school-based vocational education within India’s National Skills Qualification Framework? (ii) how much choice should be left to school students to decide on the balance of general and vocational education in their learning programme? (iii) what proportion of the vocational education curriculum should be devoted to general education? (iv) how can sufficient numbers of teachers of good quality be found to teach growing number of vocational students? (v) how beneficial is objective careers guidance for school pupils? (vi) what is the role or purpose of work experience for school pupils? (vii) what contribution to vocational education can be expected from employers if the labour market is largely informal with a small manufacturing sector? (viii) what form should assessment take, how would it be carried out and is there a relationship between it and general education? (ix) how can responsibility for vocational secondary education be allocated within a federal system of government? Finally, what should be clear from this study is that administrations develop policies and practices based on their history, their economic and geographic context and their vision, and that these policies will therefore vary between administrations.
- World Bank United States
BASIC EDUCATION DEVELOPMENT, TEACHING MATERIALS, LEARNING OUTCOMES, ADULT LEARNERS, LEVEL OF SKILL, EDUCATION BUDGET, EDUCATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE, EDUCATION SYSTEMS, MATHEMATICS, SCHOOL INSTITUTIONS, EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS, LITERACY SURVEY, SUBJECT SPECIALIST, NUMBER OF PUPILS, VALUES, CURRICULA, PHYSICAL EDUCATION, EDUCATION, FREE SCHOOLS, TERTIARY_EDUCATION, OCCUPATIONS, CURRICULUM, GROUPS, CAREER LADDER, UNIVERSITY EDUCATION, APPRENTICESHIP TRAINING, COMPULSORY EDUCATION, STAFF DEVELOPMENT, VOCATIONAL SCHOOLS, SECONDARY SCHOOLS, LEARNERS, SKILLED WORKERS, GENERAL SECONDARY EDUCATION, BASIC SKILLS, 330, STUDENT PERFORMANCE, TEACHERS, PRIMARY EDUCATION, MIGRANT WORKERS, INVESTMENT IN EDUCATION, SAFETY EDUCATION, STUDENTS, EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS, BASIC EDUCATION, SPECIAL EDUCATION, ADULT CONTINUING EDUCATION, JUNIOR SECONDARY, SKILLED MANPOWER, SCHOOLS, TEXTBOOK, EDUCATION CURRICULUM, NUMBER OF STUDENTS, TEACHER, COGNITIVE SKILLS, TEACHER TRAINING, TEACHER COSTS, SECONDARY EDUCATION, COURSES, INDUSTRIAL TRAINING, VOCATIONAL SCHOOL, NUMERACY, SCHOOL CURRICULA, SECONDARY VOCATIONAL EDUCATION, EDUCATION PROVIDERS, HIGHER EDUCATION, EDUCATIONAL ENVIRONMENT, LOCAL SCHOOLS, DISTANCE LEARNING, ADULT LITERACY, OCCUPATIONAL SKILLS, LITERACY, SCHOOL-AGE, COLLEGE ENTRANCE, LEARNING OPPORTUNITIES, EDUCATION MINISTRIES, SCHOOL CURRICULUM, EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT, JOB TRAINING, TERTIARY EDUCATION, DROPOUT RATE, SCHOOL PERFORMANCE, LEVEL OF EDUCATION, REGULAR TEACHERS, SCHOOL-LEAVERS, EDUCATIONAL POLICY, LOWER SECONDARY LEVEL, CONTINUING EDUCATION, SKILLS DEVELOPMENT, EDUCATIONAL FINANCING, FEES, NATIONAL CURRICULUM, EDUCATIONAL OUTCOMES, LOWER SECONDARY EDUCATION, EDUCATIONAL ACHIEVEMENTS, SOCIAL WORK, HIGH SCHOOL, UNIVERSAL ACCESS, FACULTY, SCHOOL EDUCATION SYSTEM, TEACHING METHODS, INDUCTION TRAINING, PUPILS, CAREER CHOICE, HOME ECONOMICS, SCHOOL EDUCATION, ACADEMIC YEAR, HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS, SCHOOL STUDENTS, UNEMPLOYMENT RATE, SECONDARY_EDUCATION, SERVICE TRAINING, PROBLEM SOLVING, FORMAL EDUCATION, TRAINEES, HEALTH CARE, EDUCATION SYSTEM, SCHOOL LEAVERS, EDUCATION DEVELOPMENT, SKILLS, VOCATIONAL COURSES, SECONDARY SCHOOL, POLITICAL EDUCATION, CAREER GUIDANCE, TRAINING, 370, PROBLEM-SOLVING SKILLS, TEACHING, BIOLOGY, LEARNING, SCHOOL LEVEL, PHYSICS, NEEDS OF LEARNERS, ADULT EDUCATION, LIFELONG LEARNING, TEXTBOOK DEVELOPMENT, ACADEMIC QUALIFICATIONS, PRIVATE SCHOOLS, PRIVATE EDUCATION, PUBLIC SCHOOLS, KNOWLEDGE, TECHNOLOGY, SCHOOL INSTRUCTION, PRIMARY SCHOOL, SKILLED LABOUR, UNIVERSITIES, VOCATIONAL EDUCATION, EDUCATION TEACHERS, PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT, DISTANCE EDUCATION, VOCATIONAL SKILLS, EDUCATION POLICY, CURRICULUM CONTENT, CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT, ADULTS, WORK EXPERIENCE, PRIMARY SCHOOLING, COMPULSORY SCHOOLING, JUNIOR SECONDARY SCHOOLS, COLLEGES, INSTRUCTORS, CURRICULUM DESIGN, NATIONAL EDUCATION, CLASS SIZE, EDUCATIONAL REFORMS, VOCATIONAL TRAINING, SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOLING, SCHOOL, REFORM OF EDUCATION, SCHOOLING, RETRAINING
BASIC EDUCATION DEVELOPMENT, TEACHING MATERIALS, LEARNING OUTCOMES, ADULT LEARNERS, LEVEL OF SKILL, EDUCATION BUDGET, EDUCATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE, EDUCATION SYSTEMS, MATHEMATICS, SCHOOL INSTITUTIONS, EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS, LITERACY SURVEY, SUBJECT SPECIALIST, NUMBER OF PUPILS, VALUES, CURRICULA, PHYSICAL EDUCATION, EDUCATION, FREE SCHOOLS, TERTIARY_EDUCATION, OCCUPATIONS, CURRICULUM, GROUPS, CAREER LADDER, UNIVERSITY EDUCATION, APPRENTICESHIP TRAINING, COMPULSORY EDUCATION, STAFF DEVELOPMENT, VOCATIONAL SCHOOLS, SECONDARY SCHOOLS, LEARNERS, SKILLED WORKERS, GENERAL SECONDARY EDUCATION, BASIC SKILLS, 330, STUDENT PERFORMANCE, TEACHERS, PRIMARY EDUCATION, MIGRANT WORKERS, INVESTMENT IN EDUCATION, SAFETY EDUCATION, STUDENTS, EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS, BASIC EDUCATION, SPECIAL EDUCATION, ADULT CONTINUING EDUCATION, JUNIOR SECONDARY, SKILLED MANPOWER, SCHOOLS, TEXTBOOK, EDUCATION CURRICULUM, NUMBER OF STUDENTS, TEACHER, COGNITIVE SKILLS, TEACHER TRAINING, TEACHER COSTS, SECONDARY EDUCATION, COURSES, INDUSTRIAL TRAINING, VOCATIONAL SCHOOL, NUMERACY, SCHOOL CURRICULA, SECONDARY VOCATIONAL EDUCATION, EDUCATION PROVIDERS, HIGHER EDUCATION, EDUCATIONAL ENVIRONMENT, LOCAL SCHOOLS, DISTANCE LEARNING, ADULT LITERACY, OCCUPATIONAL SKILLS, LITERACY, SCHOOL-AGE, COLLEGE ENTRANCE, LEARNING OPPORTUNITIES, EDUCATION MINISTRIES, SCHOOL CURRICULUM, EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT, JOB TRAINING, TERTIARY EDUCATION, DROPOUT RATE, SCHOOL PERFORMANCE, LEVEL OF EDUCATION, REGULAR TEACHERS, SCHOOL-LEAVERS, EDUCATIONAL POLICY, LOWER SECONDARY LEVEL, CONTINUING EDUCATION, SKILLS DEVELOPMENT, EDUCATIONAL FINANCING, FEES, NATIONAL CURRICULUM, EDUCATIONAL OUTCOMES, LOWER SECONDARY EDUCATION, EDUCATIONAL ACHIEVEMENTS, SOCIAL WORK, HIGH SCHOOL, UNIVERSAL ACCESS, FACULTY, SCHOOL EDUCATION SYSTEM, TEACHING METHODS, INDUCTION TRAINING, PUPILS, CAREER CHOICE, HOME ECONOMICS, SCHOOL EDUCATION, ACADEMIC YEAR, HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS, SCHOOL STUDENTS, UNEMPLOYMENT RATE, SECONDARY_EDUCATION, SERVICE TRAINING, PROBLEM SOLVING, FORMAL EDUCATION, TRAINEES, HEALTH CARE, EDUCATION SYSTEM, SCHOOL LEAVERS, EDUCATION DEVELOPMENT, SKILLS, VOCATIONAL COURSES, SECONDARY SCHOOL, POLITICAL EDUCATION, CAREER GUIDANCE, TRAINING, 370, PROBLEM-SOLVING SKILLS, TEACHING, BIOLOGY, LEARNING, SCHOOL LEVEL, PHYSICS, NEEDS OF LEARNERS, ADULT EDUCATION, LIFELONG LEARNING, TEXTBOOK DEVELOPMENT, ACADEMIC QUALIFICATIONS, PRIVATE SCHOOLS, PRIVATE EDUCATION, PUBLIC SCHOOLS, KNOWLEDGE, TECHNOLOGY, SCHOOL INSTRUCTION, PRIMARY SCHOOL, SKILLED LABOUR, UNIVERSITIES, VOCATIONAL EDUCATION, EDUCATION TEACHERS, PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT, DISTANCE EDUCATION, VOCATIONAL SKILLS, EDUCATION POLICY, CURRICULUM CONTENT, CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT, ADULTS, WORK EXPERIENCE, PRIMARY SCHOOLING, COMPULSORY SCHOOLING, JUNIOR SECONDARY SCHOOLS, COLLEGES, INSTRUCTORS, CURRICULUM DESIGN, NATIONAL EDUCATION, CLASS SIZE, EDUCATIONAL REFORMS, VOCATIONAL TRAINING, SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOLING, SCHOOL, REFORM OF EDUCATION, SCHOOLING, RETRAINING
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