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handle: 10902/7977
RESUMEN: A lo largo de la historia, el hombre ha intentado hacer predicciones en diversas áreas, como la demografía, economía, química, biología, meteorología... Uno de los modelos más exitosos y conocidos en este campo ha sido el modelo de Malthus, introducido en el año 1798, que utilizaba una ecuación diferencial ordinaria y cuyas soluciones son de tipo exponencial. En el presente trabajo, vamos a estudiar diversas variantes del modelo de Malthus preservando que la ecuación diferencial siga siendo lineal. Para las soluciones de cada una de estas variantes estudiamos sus propiedades de positividad, crecimiento y convexidad. Con ellas elaboramos un catálogo de funciones que nos ayudará a elegir un modelo frente a otro cuando estemos trabajando con unos datos concretos. Finalmente, presentamos varias aplicaciones reales en las que aparecerán algunos de los modelos vistos con anterioridad que serán ajustados computacionalmente.
ABSTRACT: Throughout history, people have tried to make predictions in different areas, such as demography, economy, chemistry, biology, meteorology... One of the most succesful and well-known models in this field has been the Malthus model, introduced in 1798, that used an ordinary differential equation whose solutions are exponentials. In this work, we are going to study several variants of the Malthus model preserving the linearity of the differential equation. For each variant we will study the properties of positivity, growth and convexity of their solutions. We will prepare a catalogue of these solutions for helping us to choose a model when we are working with specific data. Finally, we present several real applications where we use some models previously studied that will be fitted computationally.
Grado en Matemáticas
Modelos matemáticos, Mathematical models, Malthus model, Linear least squares, Nonlinear least squares, Ordinary differential equations (ODE), Mínimos cuadrados lineales, Ecuaciones diferenciales ordinarias (EDO), Mínimos cuadrados no lineales, Modelo de Malthus
Modelos matemáticos, Mathematical models, Malthus model, Linear least squares, Nonlinear least squares, Ordinary differential equations (ODE), Mínimos cuadrados lineales, Ecuaciones diferenciales ordinarias (EDO), Mínimos cuadrados no lineales, Modelo de Malthus
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