SUMMARY Background: Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is the etiological agent of enzootic pneumonia in swine. The disease is characterised by low mortality, and it occurs worldwide causing serious economic losses in the pig industry. Objectives: The aim of this review is to summarise the recent knowledge about M. hyopneumoniae especially from the aspects of vaccination and antibiotic treatments. Materials and Methods: Review of the published literature. References for this review were identified by searches of PubMed, Web of Science and Google Scholar using the terms “Mycoplasma”, “Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae”, “enzootic pneumonia”, “antibiotic treatment of enzootic pneumonia”, “vaccination against enzootic pneumonia”. Results and Discussion: The preventive and control strategies as housing management, antibiotic treatment and vaccination are of considerable importance in pig farming. In case of M. hyopneumoniae, the fast and reliable PCR-based techniques are recommended for diagnostic purposes, instead of the fastidious and time-consuming cultivation. The genotyping methods MLST and MLVA can help in epidemiological investigations during outbreaks hence taking an important part in the control strategies. Several antibiotics have been used in the treatment of Mycoplasma-pneumonia, including tetracyclines and macrolides. To maximise treatment efficacy, antibiotic susceptibility of the strains should be determined. Bacterin-based vaccines are in use for preventive purposes. Although they cannot prevent bacterial colonization, they can mitigate the clinical symptoms and improve average daily weight gain.