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TDX (Tesis Doctorals en Xarxa)
Doctoral thesis . 2017
License: CC BY NC ND
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Recolector de Ciencia Abierta, RECOLECTA
Doctoral thesis . 2017
License: CC BY NC ND
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Personalidad, resultado biográfico y afrontamiento

Authors: Gárriz Vera, Miguel;

Personalidad, resultado biográfico y afrontamiento

Abstract

Los modelos dimensionales de personalidad normal y los modelos dimensionales de personalidad patológica han experimentado un rápido nivel de desarrollo e integración en los últimos 20 años. Sin embargo, existen en la literatura algunas cuestiones importantes por resolver. Una de las más importantes es cómo y en qué grado la personalidad influye en que tengamos o no dificultades para adaptarnos con éxito al entorno en los diferentes ámbitos de la vida, tales como alcanzar un nivel de estudios, conseguir y mantener un trabajo, conseguir ingresos suficientes, formar una red de apoyo social, tener pareja e hijos, adaptarnos a las normas, o preservar nuestra salud. Dado que todos estos ámbitos son una carrera de obstáculos, otra cuestión importante es cómo la personalidad determina las diferentes maneras de desenvolverse frente a los problemas y adversidades. Ambos son aspectos nucleares al concepto de adaptación humana, y en la conceptualización y evaluación de la patología de la personalidad. En la presente tesis se pretende dar respuesta a estas cuestiones estudiando de qué modo la personalidad, de acuerdo al modelo de temperamento y carácter de Cloninger (1994), influye en los más importantes ámbitos de nuestra vida (p.e. estudios, trabajo, relaciones, psicopatología, malestar, discapacidad, etc.), y de qué manera predice el modo en que las personas afrontamos las dificultades y el estrés Para la consecución de este objetivo, se realizaron dos estudios. En el primero investigamos como la personalidad evaluada con el Inventario de Temperamento y Carácter-Revisado se relaciona con una amplia variedad de indicadores objetivos y subjetivos de adaptación medidos con el Life Outcome Questionnaire. En el segundo estudiamos como la personalidad evaluada con el Inventario de Temperamento y Carácter se relaciona con diferentes estrategias de afrontamiento del estrés medidas con el Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced. Las muestras están compuestas por 860 y 499 pacientes psiquiátricos respectivamente. El diseño de ambos estudios es de tipo transversal analítico. Las relaciones estudiadas se analizan mediante análisis de regresión múltiple en el primer estudio, y mediante regresión múltiple y análisis factorial en el segundo. Los resultados obtenidos muestran la importancia de la personalidad para la adaptación y en el “mundo real”, contribuyendo a la explicación tanto de la biografía, el malestar o la discapacidad, como de los estilos de afrontamiento del estrés. De hecho, en el caso del afrontamiento, sus dimensiones se ubican de manera clara dentro de la estructura más amplia de la personalidad. Respecto a las diferentes dimensiones de personalidad, la Evitación del Daño y la baja Autodirección, relacionadas con el Neuroticismo, son determinantes clave de la desadaptación, prediciendo disfunción social, psicopatología y un estilo de afrontamiento desadaptativo. La baja Persistencia, ausente en muchas nosologías, es el mejor predictor de fracaso académico, laboral y económico. La Búsqueda de Novedad incide en pocas variables de resultado, pero de gran relevancia clínica, como uso de tóxicos, suicidio, y utilización de servicios de salud. La baja Cooperación, pese a ser socialmente indeseable y ampliamente utilizada como marcador de patología de la personalidad, es inocua desde el punto de vista adaptativo. Para la mayoría de las dimensiones, las consecuencias negativas se acumulan única o al menos predominantemente en uno solo de los extremos.

Personality and personality pathology dimensional models have undergone a rapid development and integration in the last 20 years. However, there are a few important questions left unresolved in the literature. One of the most important questions is how personality influences life adaptation in different domains, as achieving a certain academic degree, obtaining and maintaining a job, getting enough incomes to cover needs, forming a social network, having couple and offspring, adapt to social norms, or maintaining health. Given that life is like a steeplechase, another important question is how personality determines the different ways of coping with problems and adversity. Both of these questions represent nuclear aspects of the human adaptation concept, and for the representation and evaluation of personality pathology. This thesis aims at answering these questions studying how personality, according to Cloninger’s temperament and character model, affects most important life domains (e.g. education, career, relationships, psychopathology, distress, disability, etc.), and how personality predicts the ways people cope with stress and difficulties. Two independent studies were performed in order to accomplish these aims. In the first study, we investigate how personality assessed with the Temperament and Character Inventory-Revised is related with a wide variety of objective and subjective indicators of adjustment assessed with the Life Outcome Questionnaire. In the second study, we investigate how personality assessed with the Temperament and Character Inventory relates to different coping strategies as assessed with the Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced. Samples are made up of 862 and 499 psychiatric patients respectively. Both studies are cross-sectional. Regressions are used in the first study, whereas multiple regressions and factor analysis are conducted in the second study. Our results show the importance of personality for adaptation and for “the real world”, contributing to the explanation of biography, distress or disability, as well as to the explanation of coping styles. In fact, coping strategies are clearly located inside the wider structure of personality. Regarding specific personality dimensions, Harm avoidance and low Self-directedness, both related to Neuroticism, are key determinants of maladaptation, predicting social dysfunction, psychopathology and a maladaptive coping style. Low Persistence, missing in most nosologies, is the best predictor of an unsuccessful career. Novelty seeking affects few outcomes, but these outcomes have great clinical relevance, as substance use, suicide, and health service utilization. Low Cooperativeness, despite being socially undesirable and widely used as a personality pathology marker is harmless from a life outcomes perspective. For most personality dimensions, negative outcomes are exclusively or at least predominantly accumulated at one of their extremes.

Country
Spain
Keywords

Biografia, Personalitat, Personalidad, Coping, Biografía, Ciències de la Salut, Afrontament, Afrontamiento, 159.9, Personality, Outcome

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
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Average
Green